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Anatomy And Physiology > Ch 6 Bone > Flashcards

Ch 6 Bone Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

Skeletal cartilage

A

water lends resiliency

no blood vessel or nerves

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2
Q

perichondrium

A

surrounds skeletal cartilage
contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery
resist outward expansion

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3
Q

type of skeletal cartilage

A

hyaline- support, flexibility, resilience
-collagen fiber only

elastic cartilage- similiar to hyaline but contains elastic fiber

fibrocartilage- thick collagen fiber, tensile strength

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4
Q

Growth of cartilage

A

appositional growth- osteoprogenitor cells in perichondrium produce new layers of cartilage tissue from outside

Interstitual Growth- chondrocytes increase number of cells (mitosis) and amount of matrix from within

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5
Q

Classification of bones

A

206 divided into 2:

Axial skeleton- long axis of body (skull, vertebral column, rib cage.)

Appendicular Skeleton- Bone of upper and lower limbs
(girdles attach limbs to axial skeleton)

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6
Q

Classification by shape

A

Long bone- longer than wide
(limbs)

Short bones- Cube shaped(wrist , ankle)
sesamoid bone (tendon and patella)- vary in size and number if different people

flat bone- thin flat slightly curved(sternum, scapula, ribs, most of skull)

Irregular bone- complicated shape(vertebrae/ pelvic)

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7
Q

7 Bone function

A

support-for body and soft organ

protection- brain, spinal cord, organ

movement- lever for muscle

mineral growth factor storage- calcium and phosphorus, growth factor reservoir

blood cell formation-hematopoiesis in red marrow

triglyceride(fat) storage- energy

Hormone production- osteocalcin- regulate bone formation

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8
Q

bone tissues

A

bones contains: osseuos, nervous cartilage, fibrous, connective, muscle, epithelial

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9
Q

bone level structure

A

gross, microscopic, chemical

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10
Q

Gross bone anatomy

A

bone marking-projection, bulge, depression, fossa

Bone texture:

Compact(cortica)- dense outer layer, smooth and solid

Spongy(cancellous/trabecular)- honeycomb of flat pieces of bone

Periosteum- outer layer
endosteum- inner layer

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11
Q

Anatomy of short, irregular, flat bone

A

thin plate of spongy bone covered by compact bone

no shaft or epiphyses

bone marrow throughout spongy bone, no marrow

Diploë- spongy bone tissue of the internal part.

hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces

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12
Q

Periosteum membrane

A

white double layered

covers external surface except joint

many nerve fiber and blood vesel

anchor tendon/ligament

sharpey’s fiber secure to bone matrix

Osetogenic contains prime stem cells

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13
Q

Endosteum membrane

A

delicate connective tissue covering internal bone surface

covers trabeculae of spongy bone

Line canals that pass through compact bone

contains osteogenic cells

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14
Q

Hematopoietic Tissue

A

Red marrow in trabecular cavity and diploë of spongy bone of irregular and flat bones, head of femur and humerus

Medullary Cavity- spongy bone of newborn,infant

adult long bone has less red marrow center than children

yellow marrow can convert to red if needed

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15
Q

bone marking

projection, depression openings

A

site of muscle, ligament, tendon attachment on external surface

joint surface

conduit for blood vessel and nerve

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16
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of bone

A

Specialized form of same basic cell

Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor/preosteoblast (stem cell)
Osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast

Osteoid- bone lining cell secreted by osetoblast

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17
Q

osteogenic / Osteoprogenitor cells

A

mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

differents to osteoblast or bone lining cells

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18
Q

osteoblast

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A

bone forming cells

bone mineralized by osteoblast

secret bone matrix or osteoid
-synthesize dense bone collage (90% of bone protein)

19
Q

osteoid cell

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A

bone lining

flat cell on bone surface help maintain matrix

on external bone surface called periosteal cell

lining internal surface called endosteal cell

20
Q

osteoclast

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A

derive from hematopoietic stem cell become macrophage

big multinucleated cell for bone resorption

ruffled border increase surface area for enzyme degradation

21
Q

osteocyte

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A

mature bone cell in lacunae

monitor/maintain bone matrix

stress or strain sensors by responding and communicating mechanical stimuli to osteoblast and osteoclast for bone remodeling

22
Q

lamellae

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A

interstitial lamellae- incomplete lamellae not part of complete osteon

fill gap between forming osteon

circumferential lamellae- deep to periosteum
superficial to endosteum
extend around diaphysis
resist twisting of long bone

23
Q

Microscopic spongy bone

cancellous bone

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A

Poorly organized

Trabeculae- align along stress to resist it

no osteon

contain irregular arranged lamellae and oesteocyte interconnected by canaliculi

capillaries in endosteum supply nutrient

24
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

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A

osteomalacia (adult)- bone poorly mineralized

not enough calcium salt

soft/weak bone/ painful

Rickets(children)- bow legged

bone abnormally large and long

vitamin D deficiency

25
osteoporosis
bone resorption outpaces deposit spongy bone of spine and neck of femur (common: vertebral and hip fracture)
26
bone developement (ossification) 4 situation
- bone tissue formation - formation of bony skeleton(2nd month developement) - postnatal growth(until early adulthood) - Bone remodeling and repair(lifelong)
27
2 types of Ossification
endochondral- bone form by replacing hyaline cartilage -forms most of skeleton Intramembranous- bone develops from fibrous membrane formed by mesenchymal cells - ossification center appear - osteoid secreted - woven bone and periosteum form - lamellar bone replace woven bone - (form flat bone)
28
Postnatal bone growth
interstitial (longitudinal growth) -increase length of lone bone appositional growth- increase bone thickness
29
Interstitial Growth
requires epiphyseal cartilage epiphyseal plate maintain thickness ``` result 5 zone in cartilage: Resting (quiescent) Proliferation (growth) Hypertrophic calcification ossification ```
30
Zones
Resting (Quiescent)- Cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate, inactive Proliferation (growth)- cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate -rapidly divide pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis Hypertrophic- Older chondrocyte closer to diaphysis and lacunae enlarge and erode calcification- surround cartilage matrix calcifies, chondrocyte die Ossification- Chondocyte deteriorate leaves calcified cartilage and epiphysis-diaphysis - Spicule erode by osteoclast - covered with new bone osteoblast - replaced with spongy bone
31
Epiphyseal plate closure
bone lengthen cease (require cartilage) bone epiphysis and diaphysis fuze f-18 m-21
32
hormone regulation
GH- most important in epiphyseal plate activity in infancy Thyroid- modulate activity of growth hormone -ensure proper proportion Testoserone(M)- promote adolescent growth spurt -end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate
33
Bone homeostasis- bone remodeling
consist of bone deposit and bone resorption occur at surface of periosteum and endosteum remodeling unit- adjacent osteoblast and osteoclast
34
bone deposit
new matrix deposit by osteolast Osteoid seam- unmineralized bone matrix Calcification front- abrupt transition between osteoid and older mineralized bone trigger not confirmed- mechanical signal involved
35
bone resorption
function of osteoclast: Depression or grooves break down matrix Secrete lysosomal enzyme digest matrix and proton acidity convert calcium salts to soluble form phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocyte after resorption, osteoclast undergo apoptosis
36
control remodeling
occurs continuously, regulated by genetic factor negative feedback hormonal loop for calcium response to mechanical and gravitational forces
37
Calcium importance
``` function: Nerve impulse transmission muscle contraction blood coagulation secretion cell division ```
38
hormonal control of blood calcium
``` parathyroid hormone (PTH) -remove calcium from bone regardless of integrity ``` calcithonin- produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid
39
calcium homeostasis
calcium homeostasis of blood: 9-11 mg/100ml Hyperexcitability- level too low nonresponsiveness- level too high hypercalcemia- high blood calcium levels - deposit of calcium salt in blood vessel, kidney interfere with function
40
Wolff's Law
bone grow or remodel in response to demand Reason for- handedness, thicker and stronger bone of that limb curved bone thickest where most likely to buckle trabeculae form trusses along stress lines
41
fracture and bone repair
fracture-break in bone Reactive phase- early inflammation Reparative phase- formatijon of fibrocartilaginous callus bone remodeling phase-- last step as bone callus removed
42
4 stage bone repair
hematoma formation fibrocartilaginous callus formation bony callus formation bone remodeling
43
fracture classification
position of bone end after fracture - nondisplaced-end retain normal position - displced- end out of normal ligament completeness/break - complete- broken all the way - incomplete- not broken all the way skin penetration- open- skin penetrated closed- skin not penetrated

Anatomy And Physiology (15 decks)

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