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CH1 Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO MAJOR ARES OF MEDICAL SCIENCE

A

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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2
Q

WHAT DOES ANATOMY STUDY

A

THE STRUCTURES OR MORPHOLOGY OF BODY PARTS. THEIR FORMS AND ORGANIZATION

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3
Q

WHAT DOES PHYSIOLOGY STUDY

A

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY PARTS. WHAT THEY DO AND HOW THEY DO IT.

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4
Q

WHY IS IT DIFFICULT TO SEPERATE THE TOPICS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

A

Structure is closely related to function. Body parts are sttsnhrf in such a way that they are able to perform their functions.

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5
Q

All materials, living or non living are composed of_____

A

Chemicals, which consist of atoms

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6
Q

Levels of organization: Subatomic Particles

A

protons neutrons and electrons that make up cells

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7
Q

Levels of organization: Atom

A

tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)

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8
Q

Levels of organization: Molecule

A

particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)

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9
Q

Levels of organization: Macromolecule

A

Large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, Protein)

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10
Q

Levels of organization: Organelle

A

functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)

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11
Q

Levels of organization: Cell

A

basic unit of structure and functions (muslce, nerve, or blood cell)

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12
Q

Levels of organization: Tissue

A

layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose or epithelial)

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13
Q

Levels of organization: Organ

A

a group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)

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14
Q

Levels of organization: Organ system

A

group of organs with common function (digestive system)

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15
Q

Levels of organization: Organism

A

A complete unit of life ranging from simple to complex. Can be composed of single cell to complete interacting organ systems

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16
Q

All living things consist of ____

A

cells

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17
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of constant internal environment

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18
Q

Internal environment

A

Environment within the body

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19
Q

Each cell is bounded by

A

A cell membrane

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20
Q

Cell Interdependency

A

Different cells contribute to homeostasis in different ways. If some aren’t functioning, others cells ans possibly the entire organism may suffer.

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21
Q

structure and Function

A

structure and function are interrelated. Structure illuminates function and vice versa

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22
Q

Down Gradient

A

How substances move between cells from high to low

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23
Q

pressure gradient

A

How blood or air move in the body. High to low

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24
Q

concentration gradien

A

substance moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration through diffusion.

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25
permeant
a substance that can pass through through a cell membrane
26
Cellular differentiation
The wide range of cellular structures and functions ie muscle cells. nerve cells
27
Cell Membrane mechanism
the membrane determines which substances can enter and can not allowing cells to respond to certain signals and ignore others.
28
cell to cell communication
communication occurs through specialized molecules on the membrane called membrane receptors
29
membrane receptors
molecules on the cell membrane use for cell to cell communication
30
homeostatic mechanisms
signals used by the cells to communicate whether or not adjustments need to be made to achieve homeostasis
31
feedback loop
a homeostatic mechanism used by cells to communicate and achieve homeostasis. Can be negative or positive.
32
Energy Process
All processess in the body involve some form of energy which keeps the cells chemically active.
33
Balance
maintenance of the internal environment by replacing los substances or eliminating excess substances
34
Characteristics of life
GROWTH increase in cell number and size REPRODUCTION production of new cells RESPONSIVENESS reaction to change in and out the body MOVEMENT change in positoin or location METABOLISM respiration digestion circulation and excretion
35
Requirements of organism
chemicals heat and pressure
36
self regulating mechanisms that achieve homeostasis
receptors, control center, effectors
37
negative feedback
the deviation from the homeostasis set point which signals effectors to respond to return back to normal
38
positive feedback
A change in a variable which signals the body to intentionally deviate from its set point.
39
Axial portion
Head neck and trunk
40
appendicular portion
appendages, arms and legs
41
what is in the axial portion
Cranial cavity vertebral canal thoracic cavity abdominopelivc cavity
42
viscera
organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
43
Mediastinum
a compartment within the thoracic cavity containing heart esophogus trachea and thymus and seperates the lungs
44
Diaphragm
a thin muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
45
Thoracic cavity
(thorax) Upper cavity of the body containing left and right plueral cavities, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum
46
Abdominopelvic cavity
(abdomen and pelvis) Lower cavity of the body containing abdominal and pelvic cavity which contain stomach liver spleen gallbladder kidneys and both small and large intestine.
47
Cavities within the head
Oral, nasal orbital, tympanic
48
Serous Membrane
lines the walls of thoracis and abdominoplevic cavities and folds back to cover the organs within these cavities. They secrete a fluid that seperates the layer lining the wall of the cavity and they layer covering the organ
49
Parietal layer
wall of the cavity
50
visceral layer
organ
51
pericardial membranes
surround the heart
52
peritoneal membranes
surround the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
53
integumentary
the organs covering the body - skin- hair nails sweat gland and sebaceious glands
54
skeletal system is composed of
bones ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together at the joints
55
What controls and adjusts various organ functions from time to time to maintain homeostasis
nervous and endocrine systems
56
nervous system consist of
brain spinal cord nerves and sense organs
57
endocrine system consists of
all the glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones - pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus.
58
Hormone
chemical messengers that travel via interstital fluid and blood effecting targeted cells, altering the metabolism of those cells. Hormonal effects last longer than those of neurotransmitters making them better for responses that ned to be maintained.
59
Organ systems that transport substances throughout the internal environment
cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
60
Cardiovascular system
includes heart arteries capillaries veins and blood
61
lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen
62
digestive system
receives food and breaks down for absorption and excretion - includes mouth tongue teeth salivary glands pharynx esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine
63
respiratory system
moves air in and out and exchanges gases to the blood. - includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
64
urinary system
removes wastes, and assists in maintaining the bodys water and electrolyte concentrations. includes kidnesy, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
65
superior
above
66
inferior
below
67
anterior
front (ventral)
68
ventral
front (anterior)
69
Posterior
back (dorsal)
70
dorsal
(back)
71
medial
midline of the body dividing left and right. (a part is medial if its closer to mid line)
72
lateral
side of the body away from midline
73
bilateral
paired structures on each side of the midline
74
ipsilateral
structures on the same side
75
contralateral
structures on the opposite side
76
Distal
opposite of proximal, part farther from the attachment to the trunk
76
prodimal
a part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk
77
superficial
nears the surface
78
deep
more internal parts
79
sagittal (plane or cross section)
lengthwise cut that dives the body left and right
80
transverse
cut dividng the body into superior and inferior
81
frontal or coronal
dives the body into anterior and posterior portions
82
epigastric region
upper middle portion of the abdomen
83
right and left hypochondriiac region
left and right of epigastric
84
umbilical region
central
85
right and left lateral regions
right and left of umbilical region
86
pubic region
lower middle portion of abdomen
87
right and left inguinal regions
left and right of pubic region
88
abdominal region
located between the thorax and pelvis
89
acromial region
point of the shoulder
90
antebrachial region
forearm
91
antecubtial region
anterior surface of the elbow
92
axillary region
armpit
93
brachial region
arm
94
buccal region
cheek
95
carpal region
wrist
96
celiac region
abdomen
97
cephalic region
head
98
cervical region
neck
99
crural region
leg
100
costal region
ribs
101
coxal region
hips
102
cubital region
elbow
103
digital region
finger or toe
104
dorsal region
back
105
femoral region
thigh
106
frontal region
forehead
107
genital region
external reproductive organs
108
gluteal region
buttocks
109
inguinal region
depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin)
110
lumbar region
region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis
111
mammary region
breast
112
mental region
chin
113
occipital region
inferior posterior region of the head (back of the head)
114
palmar region
palm
115
patellar region
anterior part of the knee
116
perineal region
the inferior most region of the trunk between the thighs and buttocks (perineum)
117
plantar region
sole of the foot
118
popliteal region
posterior of the knee
119
sacral region
posterior region between the hip bones
120
sternal region
middle of the thorax, anteriorly
121
tarsal region
ankle
122
umbilical region
navel

CBD_BIO (11 decks)

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