ch10 - nervous system

Question 1

three major aspects of the nervous system

Answer 1

sensory input
integration and processing
motor output

Question 2

neurons // nerve cells

Answer 2

nerve cells specialied to react to physical electrical and chemical changes.
also conduct signals or impulses to other neurons or tissues.

Question 3

neurotransmitters

Answer 3

molecules that send signals

Question 4

neruoglia

Answer 4

provide protection support insulation and nutrients for neurons

Question 5

endocrine system

Answer 5

is a secondary regulatory system under the control of the nervous system. It helps maintain homeostasis by using biological messengers called hormones.

Question 6

two groups of nervous system

Answer 6

central nervous system CNS
peripheral nervous system PNS

Question 7

subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 7

sensory/afferent - to go into
motor/efferent - to leave

Question 8

sensory receptors

Answer 8

at the ends of neourons in the PNS provide sensory funciton.They gather information by detecting changes inside and outside the body.
monitor external facts, light sound temperature, oxygen concentration and other conditons

Question 9

how do sensory receptors send information

Answer 9

they convert/transduce information into impulses which are conducted along peripheral nerves to the CNS where they are integrated. Conscious or subconscious devisions are made and acted upon by means of motor function

Question 10

effectors

Answer 10

neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to responsive structures.
includes muscles and glands whos actions are either controlled or modified by nerve activity

Question 11

motor portion of the PNS

Answer 11

somatic and autonomic
or voluntary and involuntary

Question 12

features all neurons share

Answer 12

cell body, dendrites, axon

Question 12

neruon cell body consists of

Answer 12

granular cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysomes, a golgi apparatus, and microtubles

Question 13

neurofilaments

Answer 13

a network of fine threads of the cell body extends to the axon and supports it.

Question 14

classifications of neurons

Answer 14

mulitpolar neuron
bipolar neuron
unipolar neuron

Question 14

bipolar neuron

Answer 14

has only two processses, one arising from either end. one is an axon the other is a dendrite. found in specialized parts of the eys nose and ears

Question 14

come back to pg 373 dendrites and axons

Question 14

chromatophilic substance

Answer 14

membranous packets scattered through out the cytoplasm which consist mainly of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

multipolar neuron

Answer 15

has many processes arising from its cell body. Only one is an axon, the rest are dendrites. Mostly lie within the brain or spinal cord
some are in ganglia associated with the autonomic nervous systems. others in specialized parts of the eyes.

Question 16

unipolar neuron (pseudounipolar)

Answer 16

has a single process extending from its cell body, which divides into two branches that functions as a single axon. One branch has dendrites, the other enters teh spinal cord. MOst found in ganglia

Question 17

sensory neurons (affereant neurons)

Answer 17

conduct impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord
most unipolar, som bipolar, some multipolar

Question 18

internueron

Answer 18

relays information between neruons in the brain and spinal cord
multipolar

Question 19

motor neuron

Answer 19

conducts impulses from the brain or spinal cord out to effectors, or muscles or glands
multipolar

Question 20

neuroglia of the CNS central nervous system

Answer 20

astrocytes
ogliodendrocytes
microglia
ependyma

Question 20

neuroglia

Answer 20

provides scaffolding and controlling the sites at which neurons contact one another. guide developing neurons to their positions and stimulate them to specialize produce growth facts tht nurish neurons and remove excess ions and neurtoransmitters that accumulate between neurons.

Question 21

astrocytes

Answer 21

star shaped commonly found between neurons and blood vessels. Provides structural support, formation of scar tissue, transport of substance between blood vessels and neurons, communicate with one another and with nuerons, mop up excess ions and neuro transmitters, induce synapse formation

Question 22

microglia

Answer 22

small cells with few cellular processes and found throughout the CNS. provide structural support and phagocytosis

Question 22

ogliodendrocytes

Answer 22

shaped like astroycytes but with fewer cellular precesses in rows along axons. form myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord, produce nerve growth factors.

Question 23

ependyma

Answer 23

cuboidal and columnar cells in the lining of the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. form a porous layer through which substances diffuse between the interstitial fluid of the brain and spinal cord and cerebral spinal fluid

Question 24

schwann cells

Answer 24

cells with abundant lipid rich membranes that wrap tightly around the axons of peripheral neurons. form myelin sheaths mop up excess ions and neurotransmitters, support neuronal regeneration in PNS

Question 25

satelite cells

Answer 25

small cuboidal cells that surround cell bodies of neurons in ganglia support ganglia mop up excess ions and neurotransmitters

Question 26

polarity

Answer 26

the charge of a cell most cells are negatively charged on the inside, whereas the outside is positively charged.

Question 27

membrane potential

Answer 27

the charge inside of a cell

Question 28

resting membrane potential in a neuron

Answer 28

about -70mv

Question 28

what causes charges in cells to arise

Answer 28

ions. Potassium ions are found in higher concentration on the inside of a neuron

Question 29

the degree of change in the resting membrane potential is proporitonal to

Answer 29

the intensity of the stimulation

Question 30

threshold stimuli

Answer 30

stimuli of the right kind duration and strength

Question 31

threshold potential

Answer 31

-55mv at this point the voltage gated sodium channels open at the trigger zone and charge rapidly to about +30mv beginning the action potential

Question 32

depolarization

Answer 32

the first part of an action potential - changing from negative to positive

Question 33

repolarization

Answer 33

quick return to the resting membrane potential accomplished through the opening of channels that allow potassium to rush out

Question 34

hyperpolarization

Answer 34

potential temporarily dips a bit below -70mv