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CBD_BIO > ch15 - cardiovascular system > Flashcards

ch15 - cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

heart

A

muscular pump that generates the force required to move bloody through the bodys blood vessels.

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2
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

how much blood is pumped in normal daily activities

A

the heart pumps the entire volume of blood approximately every minute.

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4
Q

what happens in the cardio vascular system

A

oxygen and nutrients in the blood are distributed to tissue cells while carbon dioxide and other waste products are removed and transported by the blood to various organs such ast the lungs and kidneys for disposal.

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5
Q

vessels that cary blood to the heart

A

veins

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6
Q

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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7
Q

capillaries

A

vessels between the arteries and veins that exchange gas, nutrients, and waste exchange

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8
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to unload carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen

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9
Q

systemic circuit

A

sends oxygenated blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes wastes.

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10
Q

white side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit

A

right

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11
Q

white side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit

A

left

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12
Q

pericardium / pericardial sac

A

a membranous covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches.

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13
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

tough protective outer bag composed of dense connective tissue

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14
Q

visceral pericardium / epicardium

A

innermost layer of the serous membrane that covers the hearts surface

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15
Q

parietal pericardium

A

the visceral pericardium folds back on itself forming the parietal, which covers the inner most surface of the fibrous pericardium

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16
Q

pericardial cavity

A

the space between the parietal and visceral pericardium, containing a small volume of serous fluid. (pericardial fluid) secreted by te membranes.

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17
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

often due to viral or bacterial infection, or by causes such as, acute myocardial farction, accident trauma, advanced lung cancer, dissecting aortic aneurysm

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18
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

stethoscope detects sounds of pericardial layers rubing together. Sharp stabbing pain is felt posterior ro the sternum. Fluids build up in the pericardial cavity (pericardial effusion), restricting movement and ability to properly pump blood

early symptoms: incressed pressure right atrium, visible engorgment of the veins in the neck. Anxiet, rapid or difficult breathing, light headedness, palpitations, pallor, chest pain.

treated by removing accumulated fluid via syringe

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19
Q

layers of the wall of the heart

A

outer epicardium
middle myocardium
inner endocardium

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20
Q

wall of heart; epicardium layer

A

serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers, adipose tissue round large blood vessels of the heart.

forms a protective outer covering, secretes serous fluid.

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21
Q

wall of heart; myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue sperated by connective tissue and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers

contracts to pump blood form the heart chambers.

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22
Q

wall of heart; myocardium endocardium

A

membrae of epithelium and underlying connective tissue that includes blood vessels and specialized fibers

forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves.

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23
Q

atria (pl) // atrium (singular)

A

upper chambers of the heart

has thin walls and receives blood returning to the heart

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24
Q

auricles

A

small earlike projections extending anterior from the atrium. Serves to increast the blood volume capacity of the atria.

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25
ventricles
receive blood from the atria and contract to force blood out of the heart into the arteries
26
interatrial septum
thin wall that separates the right and left atrium
27
interventrical septum
thick wall that separates the left and right ventricles.
28
atrioventricular(coronary) sulcus
deepest groove of the heart that encircles the heart between the atria and ventricles
29
venae cavae
two large veins that send blood to the right atrium superior and inferior vena cava
30
coronary sinus
small vein drains venous blood into the right atrium from the myocardium of the heart.
31
atrioventricular valve
ensures one way blood flow between the atrium and the ventricle on each side
32
tricuspid valve
right atrioventricular valve prevents blood moving between right atrium and ventrical
33
mitral valve
left atrioventricular valve prevents blood moving between left ventricle into left atrium
34
chordae tendinea
strong fibrous strings from the cardiac muscle (papillary muscles) that project inward preventing the cusps from prolapsing back into the atrium
35
which ventricle has thinner myocardium
right
35
which ventricle has thicker myocardium
left
36
right ventricle action
ventricle contracts, blood underpressure passively pushes tricuspid valve closed, leaving the only exit through the pulmonary trunk which divides to form left and right pulmonary arteries.
36
left atrium action
recieves blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins, two from each lung. blood passes from left atrium into left ventricle , via mitral valve
37
pulmonary semilunar valve
entrance to pulmonary trunk, prevents blood from moving from pulmonary trunk into right ventricle.
38
aortic semilunar valve
entrance to aorta prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle
39
pulmonary veins
carry blood into left atrium
40
skeleton of the heart
fibrous rings with other masses of dense connective tissue in the part of the septum between the ventricles. provides attachments for the heart valves and for muscle fibers
41
blood flow through heart and lungs
blood enters right atrium through venae ccavae and coronary sinus, pushed into right ventricle through open tricuspid valve. walls of ventricle contract pushing into the pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary arteries to the capilaries associated with the alveoli. gas is exchanged oxy in carbon out. oxygenated blood retursn to the heart thrugh the pulmonary veins that lead to the left atrium.
42
blood flow through heart and tissues
blood enters left atrium, to left ventrical via mitral valve. Contraction forces blood through aortic valve into aorta and its branches carrying oxygen rich blood to all tissue cells. Deoxygenated blood is returend to the heart
43
blood supply to the heart
first two branches of the aorta, left and right coronary arteries, supply blood to the tissues of the heart. right coronary artery passes along the atrioventricular sulcus between the right atrium and the right ventricle. left branch (circumflex branch) follows atrioventricular sulcus between left atrium and ventricle. supples blood to walls of heart anterior interventricular artery suppleis blood to walls of both ventricles.
44
collateral circulation
detrous in circulation that supply oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium
45
coronary arteries
left and right and their branches, supply blood to the myocardium
46
systole
contraction of the heart chambers
47
diastole
relaxation of the heart chambers
48
cardiac cycle
contraction and subsequent relaxation of all four heart chambers; a complete heartbeat
49
intercalated discs
connects adjacent cardiac muscle cells
50
functional syncytium
mass of merging cells that act as a unit; ie: atrial walls, and ventricular walls
51
cardiac conduction system
clumps of self excitable/autorhythmic muscle fibers. Instead of contracting they distribute action potentials (cardiac impulses) through the myocardium
52
sinotrail node (SA node)
mass oc noncontractile cells beneath the epicardium in the right atrium. SA node reaches threshold and triggers action potential on its own rhythmic, 100times a minutes often called the pacemaker
53
path of cardiac impuls
SA NODE >> ATRIAL SYNCTIUM>>JUNCTIONAL FIBERS>>AV NODE>>AV BUNDLE>>BUNDLE BRANCHES>>PURKINJE FIBERS>>VENTRICULAR SYNCYTIMIM
54
P wave
depolorization that spread from the sa node through contractile cells of both atria that leads to atrial contraction
54
Electrocardiogram ECG EKG
recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle
55
QRS COMPLEX
ventricular depolarization which occurs right before ventricular contraction atrial repolarization occurs during the QRS complex, but is not visible within the complex. This leads to atrial relaxation.
56
T wave
electrical events of ventricular repolariztion, which precedes the relaxation of the ventricles.
57
heart sounds
S1/lubb - ocurs after ventricular systole begins, when the av valves close S2/dubb - occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole, when the semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves close
58
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium
59
stenosis
stiffening of the mitral valve cusps
59
murmur
an abnormal sound from the heart from cusps not clsing completely and blood leaking back through the valve
60
cardiac center
in the medulla oblongata; responsible for nervous system regulation of the heart
61
baroreceptor reflexes
maintain blanace between inhibitory effects of the paraysmpathetic fibers and excitatory effects of the sympathetic fibers.
62
vagus nerves
supply parasympathetic fibers to the heart
63
accelerator nerves
supply sympathetic fibers to the heart
64
how does parasympathetic impulses control heart rate
parasympathetic fibers from medulla oblongata connect to SA and AV nodes, to decrease heart rate. resting 60-80bpm
65
how does sympathetic impulses control heart rate
sympathetic neruons increase heart rate by acting on the sa node av node and ventricular myocardium
66
how does body temperature affect heart rate
heat increases, cold decreases
67
abnormal potassium in the heart
excess potassium decreases heart rate and force of contraction, which can cause cardiac arrest deficient potassium leads to arrhythmia, dangerous abnormal heart rate.
68
abnormal potassium in the heart
excess calcium increases actions and may extend contractions deficient calcium decreases the action of the heart
69
blood vessels
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
70
angionesis
formation of new blood vessels in the body
71
arteries
strong elastic vessels adapted for transporting blood away from the heart under relatively high pressure.
72
arterioles
subdivisions of the arteries into finner thiner tubes.
73
wall of artery
three distinct layers/tunics tunica interna - innermost, simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) tunic media - middle layer; bulk of arerial wall, elasticity enables withstanding fhte force of blood pressure, and stretch to accomodate volume of blood tunica externa - thin outermost layer, attaches artery to surrounding tissue.
74
capillaries
smallest diameter blood vessels. Thin walls form semipermeable layer through which substances in the blood are exchanged for substance in the tissue fluid surrounding body cells.
75
function of capillary
exchanges substances such as oxygen carbon dioxide and nutrients between the blood and tissue fluid that surrounds cells
76
venule
connects cappilary to a vein
77
systolic pressure
the maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction
78
blood pressure
force of the blood exerted against the inner walls of the vessels
79
diastolic pressure
when the ventricels relax and the arterial pressure drops, leaving the lowers pressure in the arteries.
80
sphygmomanometer
device to measure blood pressure with inflatable cuff conecting tubing and compression bulb with pressure gage
80
factors that influence blood pressure increase
blood volume increases heart rate increases stroke volume increases blood viscosity increases peripheral resistance increases
81

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