Ch.1 Microbial World & You Flashcards

(44 cards)

1
Q

— are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

A

Microorganisms

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2
Q

Microbes include —,—,—,——, and —

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Protozoa
  4. Microscopic Algae
  5. Viruses
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3
Q

A few microbes are pathogenic (——)

A

Disease producing

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4
Q

Microbes can decompose ——

A

Organic Waste

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5
Q

Microbes generate — by —

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Photosynthesis
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6
Q

Microbes produce chemical products such as —,—, and —

A
  1. Ethanol
  2. Acetone
  3. Vitamins
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7
Q

Microbes produce fermented food such —,—, and —

A

Vinegar, cheese, and bread

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8
Q

Microbes produce products used in — (e.g cellulose) and —— (e.g. insulin)

A
  1. Manufacturing
  2. Disease Treatment
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9
Q

Bacteria:
~ —
* “Prenucleus”
~ ——
~ — cell walls
~ Divide via ——
~ Derive — from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Single-Celled
  3. Peptidoglycan
  4. Binary Fission
  5. Nutrition
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10
Q

Archaea:
~ —
~ Lack — cell walls
~ Often live in — environments
~ Include:
* —, ——, ——

A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Peptidoglycan
  3. Extreme
  4. Methanogens, Extreme halophiles, Extreme thermophiles
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11
Q

Fungi:
~ —
* Distinct Nucleus
~ — cell walls
~ Absorb —— for energy
~ Yeasts are —
~ Molds and mushrooms are —
* Molds consist of masses of —, which are composed of filaments called —

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Chitin
  3. Organic chemicals
  4. Unicellular
  5. Multicellular
  6. Mycelia
  7. Hyphae
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12
Q

Protozoa:
~ —
~ Absorb or ingest ——
~ May be — via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
~ —— or — (derive nutrients from a living host)

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Organic Chemicals
  3. Motile
  4. Free-living or Parasitic
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13
Q

Bioremediation:
~ Bacteria degrade —— in sewage
~ Bacteria — or — pollutants such as oil and mercury

A
  1. Organic matter
  2. Degrade or Detoxify
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14
Q

Algae:
~ —
~ — cell walls
~ Found in —,—, & —
~ Use — for energy
~ Produce — and —

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Cellulose
  3. Freshwater, saltwater, and soil
  4. Oxygen and Carbohydrates
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15
Q

Viruses:
~ —
~ Consist of — or — core
~ Core is surrounded by a ——
~ Coat may be enclosed in a ——
~ Are replicated only when they are in a ———
~ Inert — living hosts

A
  1. Acellular
  2. DNA or RNA
  3. Protein Coat
  4. Lipid Envelope
  5. Living host cell
  6. Outside
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16
Q

Three domains based on cellular organization:
~ —
~ —
~ —
* —,—,—,—

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
  4. Protists, fungi, plants, animals
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17
Q

— is the study of of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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18
Q

— is the study of fungi

19
Q

— is the study of viruses

20
Q

— is the study of algae

21
Q

— is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

22
Q

The First Observations:
~ 1665: —— reported that living things are composed of little boxes, or “—“
* Marked the beginning of ——: all living things are composed of cells
~ The first microbes were observed from 1623-1673 by ———
* “—“ viewed through magnifying lenses

A
  1. Robert Hooke
  2. Cells
  3. Cell theory
  4. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  5. Animalcules
23
Q

Spontaneous Generation: the hypothesis that life arise from —— matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life

24
Q

Biogenesis: the hypothesis that — cells arise only from — living cells

A
  1. Living
  2. Preexisting
25
The Golden Age of Microbiology: ~ 1857-1914 ~ Beginning with — work, discoveries include the relationship between — and —, — and ——
1. Pasteur’ s 2. Microbes and disease 3. Immunity 4. Anti microbial drugs
26
The Golden Age of Microbiology: ~ Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for — ~ Fermentation is the microbial conversion of — to — in the absence of — ~ Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food and beverages ~ Bacteria that use air spoil wine by turning it into — (acetic acid)
1. Fermentation 2. Sugar 3. Alcohol 4. Air 5. Vinegar
27
The Golden Age of Microbiology: ~ Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by — that was not — enough to — the alcohol in wine ~ Pasteurization is the application of a —— for a — time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
1. Heat 2. Hot 3. Evaporate 4. High heat 5. Short
28
—— (1822-1895) ~ Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
Louis Pasteur
29
—— (1827-1912) ~ Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol. Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections
Joseph Lister
30
—— (1843-1910) ~ Established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease
Robert Koch
31
Treatment of disease with chemicals is called —
Chemotherapy
32
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be —— or —
1. Synthetic Drugs 2. Antibiotics
33
Antibiotics are chemicals produced by — and — that inhibit or kill other —
1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Microbes
34
—— have made it possible to study the structure of viruses in detail
Electron Microscopes
35
——: the study of how microbes inherit traits
Microbial Genetics
36
——: the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
Molecular Biology
37
—: the study of an organisms genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
Genomics
38
——: DNA made from two different sources
Recombinant DNA
39
—— is the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
Microbial Ecology
40
Bacteria convert —,—,—,—, and — into forms used by plants and animals
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
41
Bioremediation: Using microbes to clean up Pollutants ~ Bacteria degrade organic matter in — ~ Bacteria degrade or detoxify — such as oil and mercury
1. Sewage 2. Polluntants
42
Insect Pest Control by Microorganisms: ~Microbes that are — to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides * Prevent insect — to agricultural crops and — transmission ~ —— infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to animals and plants
1. Pathogenic 2. Damage 3. Disease 4. Bacillus Thuringiensis
43
— is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals
Biotechnology
44
——— enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes * Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in —— * Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from — and from —
1. Recombinant DNA Technology 2. Gene Therapy 3. Insect 4. Freezing