Ch.4 Anatomy Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Prokaryotes:
~ Come from the greek words for —
~ One — chromosome, not in a membrane
~ No — & —
~ Bacteria: — cell well
~ Archaea: — cell wall
~ Divides by ——

Answer 1

1. Prenucleus
2. Circular
3. Histone & Organelles
4. Peptidoglycan
5. Pseudomurein
6. Binary Fission

Question 2

Eukaryotes:
~ Comes from the Greek words ——
~ — chromosomes, in a ——
~ Has — & —
~ — cell walls, when present
~ Divides by —

Answer 2

1. True Nucleus
2. Paired
3. Nuclear Membrane
4. Histones & Organelles
5. Polysaccharide
6. Mitosis

Question 3

Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells:
~ Average size: — to — diameter x — to — length
~ Most Bacteria are —
~ A few are —

Answer 3

1. 0.2 to 2.0 nanometers
2. 2 to 8 nanometers
3. Monomorphic (single shape)
4. Pleomorphic (many shapes)

Question 4

Shapes of Bacterial cells:
~ — (rod shaped)
~ — (spherical)
~ Spiral
* —,—, —
* ——
* —

Answer 4

1. Bacillus
2. Coccus
3. Vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
4. Star-Shaped
5. Rectangulat

Question 5

Arrangement of Bacterial Cells:
~ Pairs: —,—
~ Clusters: —
~ Chains: —,—
~Groups of fours: —
~ Cube-like groups of eight: —

Answer 5

1. Diplococci, diplobacilli
2. Staphylococci
3. Streptococci, streptobacilli
4. Tetrads
5. Sarcinae

Question 6

Glycocalyx:
~ — to cell wall
~ — and —
~ Made of — and/or —
~ Contribute to virulence
* Capsules prevent —
* Extracellular polymeric substance helps form —
~ Two Types:
* —: neatly organized and firmly attached
* —: unorganized and loose

Answer 6

1. External
2. Viscous & Gelatinous
3. Phagocytosis
4. Biofilm
5. Capsule
6. Slime Layer

Question 7

Flagella:
~ — appendages — of the cell
~ — bacteria
~ Made of ——
~ Three parts:
* —: outermost region
* —: attaches to the filament
* ——: consists of rod and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

Answer 7

1. Filamentous
2. External
3. Propel
4. Protein Flagellin
5. Filament
6. Hook
7. Basal Body

Question 8

—: Single flagellum at one pole

Answer 8

Monotrichus

Question 9

—: single (or more than one) flagellum at each pole

Answer 9

Amphitrichous

Question 10

—: two or more flagella at one pole

Answer 10

Lophotrichous

Question 11

—: Flagella all over the surface of the cell

Answer 11

Peritrichous

Question 12

Flagella:
~ Flagella allows bacteria to move toward or away from —(—)
~ Flagella — to “run” or “tumble”
~ Flagella proteins are — — and distinguish among —

Answer 12

1. Stimuli (Taxis)
2. Rotate
3. H Antigens
4. Serovars

Question 13

Axial Filaments:
~ Also called —
~ Found in —
~ Anchored at — end of a cell
~ Rotation causes cell to move like a —

Answer 13

1. Endoflagella
2. Spirochetes
3. One
4. Corkscrew

Question 14

Fimbriae: — appendages that allow for —

Answer 14

1. Hairlike
2. Attachment

Question 15

Pilli:
~ Involved in —
~ — pili involved in — transfer from one cell to another

Answer 15

1. Motility
2. Conjugation
3. DNA

Question 16

The Cell Wall:
~ Prevents ——and — the cell membrane
~ Made of — (in bacteria)
~ Contributes to —

Answer 16

1. Osmotic Lysis
2. Protects
3. Peptidoglycan
4. Pathogenicity

Question 17

Peptidoglycan:
~ — of a repeating — in rows:
* ——
* ——
* Rows are linked by —

Answer 17

1. Polymer
2. Disaccharide
3. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
4. N-acetylmuramic Acid (NAM)
5. Polypeptides

Question 18

Gram-Positive Cell Walls:
~ — peptidoglycan
~ Teichoic Acids:
* — acid links cell wall to plasma membrane
* Wall teichoic acid links the —
* Carry a — charge
* Regulate movement of —
~ Polysaccharides and teichoic acids provide ——

Answer 18

1. Thick
2. Lipoteichoic
3. Petidoglycan
4. Negative
5. Cations
6. Antigenic specifity

Question 19

D-amino acid can naturally be found in petidoglycan bacteria cell wall:
True or False

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Gram-Negative Cell Walls:
~ — petidoglycan
~ — membrane
~ — space
~ Periplasm — the outer membrane and the plasma membrane contains —
~ Outer membrane made of —, —, and —

Answer 20

1. Thin
2. Outer
3. Periplasmic
4. Between
5. Peptidoglycan
6. Polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids

Question 21

Gram Negative Cell Walls:
~ Protect from —, —, and —
~ Made of Lipolysaccharides (LPS)
* —— function as —
* — connects o-antigen to lipid A. Comprised of a — chain of —
* Lipid A is an — embedded in the top lay. Lipid A anchors — to outer membrane
~ Porins (proteins) form — through membrane

Answer 21

1. Phagocytes, Complement, & Antibiotics
2. O polysaccharide
3. Antigen
4. Core
5. Short
6. Sugars
7. Endotoxin
8. LPS
9. Channels

Question 22

Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism:
~ ——- crystals form inside cell
~ Gram Positive
* Alcohol — peptidoglycan
* ——— do not leave
~ Gram Negative
* Alcohol — outer membrane and leaves holes in petidoglycan
* CV-I washes out; cells are —
* — added to stain cells

Answer 22

1. Crystal Violet-Iodine
2. Dehydrates
3. CV-I Crystals
4. Dissolves
5. Colorless
6. Safranin

Question 23

Atypical Cell Walls:
~ Acid-Fast Cell Walls
* Like gram — cell walls
* —— (——) bound to peptidoglycan
* —
* —
* Stain with —

Answer 23

1. Positive
2. Waxy Lipid (Mycolic Acid)
3. Mycobacterium
4. Nocardia
5. Carbolfuchsin

Question 24

Atypical Cell Walls:
~ Mycoplasmas
* Lack ——
* — in plasma membrane
~ Archaea
* —— or
* Wall of —

Answer 24

1. Cell Walls
2. Sterols
3. Wall-less
4. Pseudomurein

Question 25

Damage to the Cell Wall: ~ — hydrolyzes bonds in petidoglycan ~ — inhibits — bridges in peptidoglycan ~ — is a wall-less gram positive cell ~ — is a wall-less gram negative cell *— and — are susceptible to osmotic lysis ~ —— are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

Answer 25

1. Lysozyme 2. Penicillin 3. Peptide 4. Protoplasts 5. Spheroplast 6. Protoplasts & Spheroplast 7. L Forms

Question 26

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane: ~ —— that encloses the cytoplasm ~ —— on the membrane surface ~ — and — proteins penetrate the membrane ~ The plasma membrane’s —— allows the passage of some molecules, but not others ~ Contain enzymes for — production

Answer 26

1. Phospholipid Bilayer 2. Peripheral Proteins 3. Integral & Transmembrane 4. Selective Permeability 5. ATP

Question 27

The Nucleoid: ~ The nucleoid is the region of a prokaryotic cell that contains the cell’s —— ~ Bacterial Chromosome: —— of DNA that contain the cell’s — information ~ Plasmids: — genetic elements carry —— genes

Answer 27

1. Genetic Information 2. Circular Thread 3. Genetic 4. Extra chromosomal 5. Non-crucial

Question 28

The Prokaryotic Ribosomes: ~ Sites of —— ~ Made of — and —— ~ —S * 50s + 30S subunits

Answer 28

1. Protein Synthesis 2. Protein 3. Ribosomal RNA 4. 70

Question 29

Inclusions: ~ Within the cytoplasm of — cells are several kinds of ——, known as inclusions ~ Cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are — and use them when the environment is —

Answer 29

1. Prokaryotic 2. Reserve Deposits 3. Plentiful 4. Deficient

Question 30

Endospores: ~ ——, produced when nutrients are depleted ~ Resistant to —, —, —, and — ~ Produced by — and — ~ Sporulation: —— ~ Germination: endospore returns to ——

Answer 30

1. Resting Cells 2. Desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation 3. Endospore Formation 4. Vegetative State

Question 31

Flagella & Cilia: ~ Projections used for — or — substances along the cell surfaces ~ Flagella: — projections; — in number ~ Cilia: — projections; —

Answer 31

1. Locomotion 2. Moving Substances 3. Long 4. Few 5. Short 6. Numerous

Question 32

Flagella & Cilia: ~ Both consists of — made of the protein — ~ Microtubules are organized as —— in a ring, plus — microtubules in the center ( —+— array) ~ Allow flagella to move in a — manner

Answer 32

1. Microtubules 2. Tubules 3. Nine 4. Two 5. 9 + 2 6. Wavelike

Question 33

The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx: ~ Cell Wall *Found in —, —, and — * Made of — ~ Glycocalyx * — bond to — and — in the plasma membrane * Found in — cells

Answer 33

1. Plants, Algae, and Fungi 2. Carbohydrates 3. Carbohydrates 4. Proteins 5. Lipids 6. Animal

Question 34

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane: ~ Similar in structure to — cell membranes * —— * — and — proteins ~ Difference in Structure * —, complex — * — for — and ——— recognition

Answer 34

1. Prokaryotic 2. Phospholipid Bilayer 3. Integral & Peripheral 4. Sterols 5. Lipids 6. Carbohydrates 7. Attachment 8. Cell-to-Cell

Question 35

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane: ~ Similar in function to prokaryotic cell membranes * —— ~ Differences in function * Endocytosis: — and — * Phagocytosis: — extend and — particles * Pinocytosis: membrane folds —, bringing in — and — substances

Answer 35

1. Selective Permeability 2. Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis 3. Pseudopods 4. Engulf

Question 36

Ribosomes: ~Sites of —— ~ —S * Consists of the large —S subunit and the small —S subunit * Membrane-Bound: attached to —— * Free: in — ~ 70 S * In — and —

Answer 36

1. Protein Synthesis 2. 80 3. 60 4. 40 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum 6. Cytoplasm 7. Chloroplasts 8. Mitochondria