Ch.15 Microbial Mechanisms Of Pathogenicity

Question 1

—: the ability to cause disease

Answer 1

Pathogenicity

Question 2

—: the degree of pathogenicity

Answer 2

Virulence

Question 3

Seven Capabilities of a Pathogen:
1. Maintain a —
2. Leave reservoir and — host
3. — to surface of host
4. — or — of host defenses
5. — to host cells
6. — host and return to reservoir

Answer 3

1. Reservoir
2. Enter
3. Adhere
4. Penetration or Evasion
5. Damage
6. Exit

Question 4

How Microoganisms Enter a Host:
~ Portals of Entry:
* ——
* —
* ——: deposited directly into tissues when Barriers are —

Answer 4

1. Mucous Membranes
2. Skin
3. Parenteral Route, Penetrated

Question 5

How Microoganisms Enter a Host:
~ Most pathogens have a — portal of entry
~ The most common portals of entry are the same —— colonized by —

Answer 5

1. Preferred
2. Anatomical Surfaces, Microbiota

Question 6

Numbers of Invading Microbes:
~ ID50: —— for —% of a sample population
* — of — required to cause infection in 50% of subjects (test animals)
* Measures — of a microbe

Answer 6

1. Infectious Dose for 50%
2. Number of Cells
3. Virulence

Question 7

LD50: —— for —% of a sample population
* — of — required to cause — in 50% of the subjects
* Measures — of a —
* A — virulent pathogen has a — value of ID50 and LD50 than does a — virulent one

Answer 7

1. Lethal Dose, 50%
2. Number of Cells, Death
3. Potency of a toxin
4. Highly, Lower, Moderately

Question 8

Vibrio cholerae causes —
* It requires very large infective dose (10^7) because V.cholerae is easily destroyed by ——

Answer 8

1. Cholera
2. Stomach Acid

Question 9

— requires a very — infective dose as few as 50-300 organisms can cause disease

Answer 9

1. Shigella
2. Small

Question 10

Adherence:
~ Almost all pathogens attach to host tissues in a process called —
~ — on the pathogen bind to — on the host cells
* — & —
~ Microbes form — (communities that share nutrients)

Answer 10

1. Adherence (adhesion)
2. Adhesins (ligands), Receptors
3. Glycocalyx & Fimbriae
4. Biofilms

Question 11

Capsules:
~ — around the cell wall
~ Impair —
* Streprococcus pneumonia: —
* Haemophilus influenza: — & —
* Bacillus anthracite: —
* Yersinia pestis: —

Answer 11

1. Glycocalyx
2. Phagocytosis
3. Pneumonia
4. Pneumonia & meningitis
5. Anthrax
6. Plague

Question 12

Cell Wall Components:
~ —— resists phagocytosis
* ——

Answer 12

1. M protein
2. Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 13

Cell Wall Components:
~ —— allows attachment to host cells
* ——

Answer 13

1. OPA Protein
2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 14

Cell Wall Components:
~ —— resists digestion
* ——

Answer 14

1. Waxy lipid (mycolic acid)
2. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Question 15

Enzymes:
~ —: coagulate fibrinogen

Answer 15

Coagulases

Question 16

Enzymes:
~ —: digest fibrin clots

Answer 16

Kinases

Question 17

Enzymes:
~ —: digest polysaccharides that hold cells together

Answer 17

Hyaluronidase

Question 18

Enzymes:
~ —: break down collagen

Answer 18

Collagenase

Question 19

Enzymes:
~ ——: destroy IgA antibodies

Answer 19

IgA Proteases

Question 20

Streptokinase:
~ Used streptokinase to successfully treat ——-. Became the mainstay for ——— when FDA approved its use

Answer 20

1. Coronary Artery Blockage
2. Digesting Blood Clots

Question 21

Antigenic Variation:
~ Pathogens alter their —— (and — are rendered ineffective)

Answer 21

1. Surface Antigens
2. Antibodies

Question 22

Antigenic Variation:
~ A wide range of microbes is capable of antigenic variation. Examples include
* ——; the causative agent of —
* ——; the causative agent of —

Answer 22

1. Influenza Virus, Influenza (Flu)
2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae; gonorrhea

Question 23

Penetration into the Host Cell Cytoskeleton:
~ Invasins: —— produced by bacteria that rearrange ——. Of the cytoskeleton
* Cause membrane ruffling, is the result of — in the cytoskeleton
* Microbes sink into the ruffles and are — by the host cell
~ Use — to move from one cell to the next
* — and —

Answer 23

1. Surface Proteins
2. Actin Filaments
3. Disruption
4. Engulfed
5. Actin
6. Shigella & Listeria

Question 24

Using the Host’s Nutrients: Siderophores
~ — is required for most pathogenic bacteria
~ Siderophores are — secreted by pathogens that bind — more tightly than host cells

Answer 24

1. Iron
2. Proteins, Iron

Question 25

Direct Damage: ~ Disrupts host cell — ~ Uses host cell — ~ Produces —— ~ — in host cell and causes —

Answer 25

1. Function 2. Nutrients 3. Waste Products 4. Multiple, ruptures

Question 26

Production of Toxins: ~ Toxins: — substances produced by — * Produce —, — problems, —, and —

Answer 26

1. Poisonous, microorganisms 2. Fever, Cardiogenic, diarrhea, shock

Question 27

Production of Toxins: ~ Toxigenicity: — of a microoganisms to produce a —

Answer 27

1. Ability 2. Toxin

Question 28

Production of Toxins: ~ Toxemia: — of — in the host’s —

Answer 28

1. Presence of Toxin 2. Blood

Question 29

Production of Toxins: ~ Intoxications: — of — without ——

Answer 29

1. Presence of toxin 2. Microbial growth

Question 30

Exotoxins: ~ — produced and secreted by — * Soluble in ——; destroy —— and inhibit —— ~ Exotoxins are among the most — substances known

Answer 30

1. Proteins, bacteria 2. Bodily fluids, hosts cells, metabolic functions 3. Lethal

Question 31

Exotoxins: ~ Antitoxins: — against — exotoxins

Answer 31

1. antibodies 2. Specific

Question 32

Exotoxins: ~ Toxoids: — exotoxins used in —

Answer 32

1. Inactivated 2. Vaccines

Question 33

Exotoxins: ~ —— toxins lyse host cells by disrupting plasma membranes * Leukocidins: kill —— * Hemolysins: kill — by forming —— * Streptolysins: — produced by —

Answer 33

1. Membrane disrupting 2. Phagocytes leukocytes 3. Erythrocytes, protein channels 4. Hemolysins, streptococci

Question 34

Exotoxins: ~ Superantigens cause an ——— due to the release of — from host cells (T cells) * Cause symptoms of —, —, —, —, —, & —

Answer 34

1. Intense immune response 2. Cytokines 3. Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and death

Question 35

Exotoxins: ~ Genotoxins damage — ( causing —, disrupting ——, and leading to —)

Answer 35

1. DNA 2. Mutations 3. Cell Division 4. Cancer

Question 36

Endotoxins: ~ —— portion of lipolysaccharides (LPS) of —— bacteria ~ Released during bacterial — and when gram — bacteria — * Stimulate macrophages to release — * Cause ———

Answer 36

1. Lipid A, Gram Negative 2. Multiplication, negative, die 3. Cytokines 4. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 37

Portals of Exit: ~ Respiratory tract: — and — ~ Gastrointestinal tract: — and — ~ Genitourinary tract: —; secretions from penis and vagina ~ — ~ Blood: — that bite, — or —

Answer 37

1. Coughing and Sneezing 2. Feces and Saliva 3. Urine 4. Skin 5. Arthropods, needles or syringes