Ch.13 Viruses, Viroids, & Prions Flashcards by Trinity Rasmussen

Characteristics of Viruses:
~ ———: require living host cells to multiply
~ Contain — or —
~ Contain a ——
~ No —
~ No —— mechanisms

Obligatory Intracellular Parasites
DNA or RNA
Protein Coat
Ribosomes
ATP-generating

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Host Range:
~ The — of —— a virus can infect
~ Most viruses infect only — types of cells in one host
* Determined by specific host —— and ——
~ Bacteriophage, — that ——
~ Range from —nm to —nm in length

Spectrum of host cells
Specific
Attachment sites, Cellular Factors
Viruses that infect bacteria
20nm to 1000nm

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Viral Structure:
~ Virion: —, —— viral particle
* Nucleic acid, DNA or RNA can be — or — —; — or —

Complete, fully developed
Single or Double Stranded; Linear or Circular

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Viral Structure:
~ Capsid: —— made of —

Protein coat made of capsomeres (subunits)

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Viral Structure:
~ Envelope: —,—, and — coating on some viruses

Lipid, protein, and carbohydrate

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Viral Structure:
~ Spike: — from ——

Projections from outer surface

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General Morphology:
~ Helical Viruses:—, ——

Hollow, cylindrical capsid

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General Morphology:
~ Polyhedral Viruses: ——

Many-sided

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General Morphology:
~ Complex Viruses: ——

Complicated structures

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Taxonomy of Viruses:
~ Genus named end in —
~ Family names end in —
~ Order names end in —

-virus
-viridae
-ales

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Taxonomy of Viruses:
~ Viral Species: a group of viruses sharing the same —— and ——
* Descriptive common names are used for —
* Subspecies are designated by a —

Genetic Information & Ecological niche (host)
Species
Number

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Growing Bacteriophages in the Lab:
~ Viruses must be grown in — cells
~ Bacteriophages are grown in —
* Bacteriophages form —, which are clearings on a lawn of — on the surface of agar
- Each plaque corresponds to a single virus; can be expressed as ———

Living
Bacteria
Plaques, Bacteria
Plaque Forming Units (PFU)

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Growing Animal Viruses in the Lab:
~ In — animals
~ In embryonated eggs:
* Virus — into the egg
* Viral growth is signaled by — or — of the embryo

Living
Injected
Changes or Death

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Viral Multiplication:
~ For a virus to multiply:
* It must invade a ——
* It must take over the ———

Host Cell
Host’s Metabolic Machinery

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Multiplication of Bacteriophages:
~ Lytic Cycle: phage cause — and — of the ——

Lysis
Death
Host Cell

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Multiplication of Bacteriophages:
~ Lysogenic Cycle:
*— DNA is incorporated in the — DNA
* — conversion
* Specialized —

Phage, Host
Phage
Transduction

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T-Even Bacteriophages: The Lytic Cycle
~ Attachment: phage attaches by the —— to the ——

Tail Fibers
Host Cell

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T-Even Bacteriophages: The Lytic Cycle
~ Penetration: phage — opens the ——; tail sheath contacts to force the —— and — into the cell

Lysozyme
Cell Wall
Tail Core
DNA

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T-Even Bacteriophage: The Lytic Cycle
~ Biosynthesis: production of —— and —

Phage DNA
Proteins

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T-Even Bacteriophages: The Lytic Cycle
~ Maturation: assembly of ——

Phage Particles

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T-Even Bacteriophages: The Lytic Cycle
~ Release: Phage — breaks the ——

Lysozyme
Cell Wall

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Bacteriophage Lambda: The Lysogenic Cycle
~ Lysogenic: ———

Phage remains latent

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Bacteriophage Lambda: Lysogenic Cycle
~ Phage DNA incorporates into —— DNA
* Inserted phage DNA is known as a —
* When the host cell replicated its chromosome, it also replicates ——
* Results in ——, the host cell exhibits new properties

Host Cell
Prophage
Prophage DNA
Phage Conversion

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Bacteriophage Lambda: Lysogenic Cycle
~ Specialized Transduction
* Specific bacterial genes transferred to another bacterium via a —
* Changes —— of the —

Phage
Genetic Properties, Bacteria

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Multiplication of Animal Viruses: ~ Attachment: viruses attach to the ——

Cell membrane

Multiplication of Animal Viruses: ~ Entry by ——— or —

Receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion

Multiplication of Animal Viruses: ~ — by viral or host —

1. Uncoating 2. Enzymes

Multiplication Animal Viruses: ~ Biosynthesis: production of —— and —

Nucleic acid and proteins

MUltiplication of Animal Viruses: ~ Maturation: —— and —— assemble

Nucleic acid and capsid proteins

Multiplication of Animal Viruses: ~ Release by — or —

Budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses: ~ DNA viruses replicate their DNA in the — of the host using —— ~ Synthesize — in the cytoplasm using host cell —

1. Nucleus, Viral Enzymes 2. Capsid, Enzymes

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses: ~ Adenoviridae * —— DNA, — * —— in humans * — in animals

1. Double-Stranded, Enveloped 2. Respiratory Infections 3. Tumors

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses: ~ Poxviridae * —— DNA, — * Cause ——: — and — virus

1. Double Stranded, Enveloped 2. Skin Lesions, Vaccinia & Smallpox (Orthopoxvirus)

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses: ~ Herpesviridae: —— DNA, — * HHV & HHV2, ——; causes ——

1. Double stranded, Enveloped 2. Simplexvirus, Cold Sores

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus: ~ Herpesviridae * HHV 3, —; causes —

1. Varicellovirus 2. Chickenpox

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus: ~ Herpesviridae * HHV4, —; causes —

1. Lymphocryptovirus 2. Mononucleosis

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses: ~Herpesviridae *HHV 5, —

Cytomegalovirus

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus: ~ Herpesviridae * HHV 6 & HHV 7, —

Roseolovirus

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus: ~ Herpesviridae * HHV 8 —, causes ——

1. Rhadinovirus 2. Kaposi’s Sarcoma

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus: ~ Papovaviridae: —— DNA, — * Papillomavirus: causes —, can transform — and cause —

1. Double Stranded, Noneveloped 2. Warts, Cells, Cancer

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus: ~ Hepadnaviridae: —— DNA, — * —— Virus * Use ——- to make DNA from RNA

1. Double Stranded, Enveloped 2. Hepatitis B 3. Reverse Transcriptase

The Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses: ~ Virus multiplies in the host cell’s — using ————

1. Cytoplasm 2. RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase

The Biosynthesis of RNA Virus: ~ ssRNA; +(sense) Strand * Viral RNA serves as — for ——

1. mRNA 2. Protein Synthesis

The Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses: ~ ssRNA; - (antisense) strand * Viral RNA is transcribed to a — strand to serve as — for —— ~ dsRNA; ———

1. + 2. mRNA 3. Protein Synthesis 4. Double Stranded RNA

The Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses: ~ Picornaviridae: —— RNA, — strand, — * —: poliovirus and coxsackievirus * —: common cold * —— virus

1. Single Stranded, +, Noneveloped 2. Enterovirus 3. Rhinovirus 4. Hepatitis A

The Biosynthesis of RNA Virus: ~ Togaviridae: —— RNA, — strand, — * —: transmitted by arthropods; includes chikugunya * —: rubella

1. Single Stranded, +, enveloped 2. Alpha virus 3. Rubivirus

The Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses: ~ Rhabdoviridae: —— RNA, — strand, — RNA strand * —: rabies * Numerous — diseases

1. Single Stranded, -, One 2. Lyssavirus 3. Animal

The Biosynthesis of RNA Virus: ~ Reoviridae: —— RNA, — * — * —

1. Double-Stranded, Noneveloped 2. Reovirus (respiratory enteric orphan) 3. Rotavirus (mild respiratory infections and gastroenteritis)

Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses That Use DNA: ~ —— RNA, produce — * Use —— to produce DNA from the viral genome - Viral DNA integration into the host chromosome as a —

1. Single Stranded, DNA 2. Reverse Transcriptase 3. Provirus

Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses That Use DNA: ~ —— RNA, produce — * —: —(HIV), oncovirus

1. Single Stranded, DNA 2. Retroviridae, Lentivirus

Viruses and Cancer: ~ Severall types of cancer are caused by viruses * May develop long after a —— * Cancers caused by viruses are not —

1. Viral Infection 2. Contagious

Sarcoma: cancer of ——

Connective Tissue

Adenocarcinomas: cancers of ———

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

Oncogenes transform — cells into — cells

1. Normal 2. Cancerous

Oncogenic viruses become — into the host cells — and induce —

1. Integrated 2. DNA 3. Tumors

A transformed cell harbors a ———— on the surface and a —— in the nucleus

1. Tumor Specific Antigen (TSTA) 2. T antigen

DNA Oncogenic Viruses: ~ —- ~ —: Epstein-Barr Virus ~ — ~ —: human papillomavirus ~ —: Hepatitis B virus

1. Adenoviridae 2. Herpesviridae 3. Poxviridae 4. Papoviridae 5. Hepadnaviridae

RNA Oncogenic Virus: ~ Retroviridae: viral RNA is transcribed to —, which can integrate into — DNA * HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 cause adult ——— and —

1. DNA, Host 2. T-cell Leukemia and Lymphoma

Latent virus remain in — host cell for — periods * May reactivate due to changes in — ~ ——, —

1. Asymptomatic, Long 2. Immunity 3. Cold sores, shingles

A ——— occurs gradually over a long period; is generally fatal * ——— (measles virus)

1. Persistent Viral Infection 2. Subacute Sclerosing Panecephalitis

Prions: ~ P— I— P— ~ Inherited and transmissible by —,—, and —— ~ Spongiform Encephalopathies * “———“, ———, ————, ———, ——

1. Proteinaceous Infectious Particles 2. Ingestion, Transplant, and Surgical Instruments 3. Mad Cow Disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Diseases (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, Sheep Scrapie

Prions: ~ PrP^c: normal cellular ——, on the ——

1. Prion Protein 2. Cell Surface

Prions: ~ PrP^Sc: ——; accumulates in ——, forming —

1. Scrapie Protein 2. Brain Cells 3. Plaques

Plant Viruses: enter through — or via — * Plant cells are generally protected from disease by an ———

1. Wounds, Insects 3. Impermeable Cell Wall

Viroids: — pieces of —— * Cause ——— disease

1. Short, Naked RNA 2. Potato Spindle Tuber Disease