Ch.15 Study Guide

Question 1

the difference in cortical activation seen in the left and right hemispheres when
music is heard is the right hemisphere generally processing ______-________ patterns like pitch & melody, while the left hemisphere evaluates short-term patterns like rhythm & frequency

Answer 1

long-term

Question 2

Cerebral lateralization- the _____________ of labor between the 2 cerebral hemisphere such that each hemisphere is specialized for particular type of processing

Answer 2

division

Question 3

Corpus callosum is the main band of axons that ______________ the 2 cerebral hemisphere

Answer 3

connects

Question 4

Split-brain individual is an individual whose corpus callosum has been _______________, halting communication between the right and left hemisphere

Answer 4

severed

Question 5

Contralateral is defined in anatomy as pertaining to a location on the _______________ side of the body

Answer 5

opposite

Question 6

Fusiform gyrus is a region on the inferior surface of the cortex, at the junction of the temporal and occipital lobes, that has been associated with recognition of __________

Answer 6

faces

Question 7

The planum temporale is located in the ____________ region of superior temporal cortex

Answer 7

auditory

Question 8

The function of the planum temporale is in auditory _________________ and language

Answer 8

processing

Question 9

When the planum temporale is _______________ it can lead to difficulties in auditory processing, particularly with speech and complex sounds

Answer 9

damage

Question 10

prosopagnosia (face blindness) is a condition characterized by the _____________ to recognize face

Answer 10

inability

Question 11

The cause of prosopagnosia is either __________ damage or developmental issues affecting the brain’s ability to process facial info

Answer 11

brain

Question 12

Aphasia is an impairment in language _______________________ and/or production that is caused by brain injury

Answer 12

understanding

Question 13

The most common cause of aphasia is a __________ which occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked or bursts

Answer 13

stroke

Question 14

Wernicke’s aphasia is also known as _________ aphasia

Answer 14

fluent

Question 15

Deficits in Wernicke’s aphasia (language impairment):
- meaningless speech
- little _______________ comprehension
- inability to understand both spoken & written language

Answer 15

language

Question 16

Broca’s aphasia is also known as non-fluent aphasia or ________________ aphasia

Answer 16

expressive

Question 17

Deficits in Broca’s aphasia (language impairment):
- difficulty with ____________ production (but not with language comprehension)
- difficulties with fluency, grammatical structure and word retrieval

Answer 17

speech

Question 18

Hemiplegia is paralysis of one side of the _______

Answer 18

body

Question 19

Hemiplegia is caused primarily by brain damage, usually affecting the _________ cortex (area of brain responsible for movement).
Common causes are strokes, traumatic brain injury(TBI), cerebral palsy.

Answer 19

motor

Question 20

Hemiparesis is _______________ of one side of the body

Answer 20

weakness

Question 21

Hemiparesis is primarily caused by injuries or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, or _________.
Common causes included stroke, traumatic brain injury, tumors, and certain neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis.

Answer 21

nerves

Question 22

primate language abilities differ from humans by primates lacking the complex, symbolic and grammatically structured ________________ found in humans

Answer 22

language

Question 23

Birds have in common with humans when it comes to speech and birdsong:
- contains a specialized left-hemisphere system for vocal behavior
- Juvenile birds must learn their songs from adult tutors during a distinct critical period in order for their own singing behavior to develop normally
- both rely on auditory feedback & imitation
- both learn complex vocalizations early in life
- both share conserved genes like __________ that influence vocal learning & production

Answer 23

FoxP2

Question 24

Embryonic stem cells are so useful in brain therapy due to pluripotency- the __________ to differentiate into any cell type in the body, including brain cells

Answer 24

ability

Question 25

A sensitive period (critical period) is the period during development in which an organism can be ___________________ altered by a particular experience or treatment

Answer 25

permanently

Question 26

The sensitive period has a limited span of time during which exposure and practice with ________________ must occur in order for language skills to develop normally

Answer 26

language

Question 27

The brain structures that are seen in those diagnosed with dyslexia is brain structures particularly within the _______ hemisphere: - Occipito-temporal cortex - Temporo-parietal cortex - Inferior frontal gyrus - White matter - Corpus Callosum - Subcortical Structures - Left Superior Temporal Gyrus

Answer 27

left

Question 28

Spatial cognition is the ___________ to acquire, organize, use and update knowledge about one's environment

Answer 28

ability

Question 29

Paraphasia is a symptom of aphasia that is distinguished by the substitution of a word by a sound, an _____________ word, an unintended word, or a neologism (a meaningless word)

Answer 29

incorrect

Question 30

Phonemes is the _________________ unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another

Answer 30

smallest

Question 31

Morphemes is the smallest meaningful units of language, representing the __________________ blocks of words and sentences

Answer 31

building

Question 32

Anomia is the inability to name persons or __________ readily

Answer 32

objects

Question 33

Connectionist model of aphasia (Wernicke-Geschwind model) is a theory proposing that left-hemisphere language deficits result from ___________________ between the brain regions in a language network, each of which serve a particular linguistic function

Answer 33

disconnection

Question 34

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a modified form of MRI in which the diffusion of ____________ in a confined space is exploited to produce images of axonal fiber tracts

Answer 34

water

Question 35

Agraphia is the ______________ to write

Answer 35

inability

Question 36

Alexia is the inability to read. A reading disorder attributed to __________ impairment

Answer 36

brain

Question 37

Apraxia is an impairment in the ability to carry our complex sequential __________________, even though there is no muscle paralysis

Answer 37

movements