Ch.17

Question 1

Blood travels:

Answer 1

leaves arteries that branch until they become capillaries.

Question 2

Bloods function:

Answer 2

carry oxygen, removes waste, transport metabolic waste, releases CO2. (Distribution, Regualtion, Body protection)

Question 3

Blood pumped through:

Answer 3

pulmonary circuit (going to lungs) and systemic circuit (rest of body)

Question 4

blood leaving heart is what type of blood vessels?

Answer 4

arteries. Returning to heart is veins.

Question 5

Composition of blood:

Answer 5

plasma, formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) and hematocrit

Question 6

hematocrit

Answer 6

percentage of RBCs out of total blood volume

Question 7

erythrocytes

Answer 7

red blood cells

Question 8

leukocytes

Answer 8

white blood cells (buffy coat)

Question 9

Blood structure:

Answer 9

sticky, opaque, scarlet (oxygen-rich) to dark red (oxygen poor)

Question 10

blood distribution: (transportation)

Answer 10

oxygen to lungs, nutrients from digest. tract., metabolic wastes

Question 11

regulation:

Answer 11

body temp by absorbing and distrib. heat, normal pH (7.45) in tissues, adequate water content in circulatory syst.

Question 12

body protection

Answer 12

prevent blood loss, activating plasma proteins, clot formation, prevent infection (activating WBCs to fight against foreign material)

Question 13

blood plasmsa:

Answer 13

protiens, albumin, globulins, fibrinogen (clotting proteins), hormones

Question 14

gamma

Answer 14

immunity for defense

Question 15

albumin

Answer 15

contributor to osmotic pressure. 60% plasma proteins

Question 16

globulins (2):

Answer 16

(alpha, beta, gamma) transport proteins that bind to lipids. 36% plasma proteins.

Question 17

formed elements (3):

Answer 17

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Question 18

Erythrocytes :

Answer 18

(RBCs) No nuclei or organelles. (not complete) Filled with hemoglobin 97% (protein that functions in gas transport). Plasma membrane protein spectrin (felxibilty to change shape).

Question 19

Erythrocytes function:

Answer 19

transporting gas, composed of protein globin (two alpha/ two beta chains) bound to heme group. Heme group bind to oxygen molecule.

Question 20

Hemoglobin:

Answer 20

(transport up to 4 oxygen molecules.) O2 loading in lungs Produces Oxyhemoglobin (ruby red). O2 unload in tissues produce deoxyhemoglobin (dark red). Carbaminohemoglobin (CO2 loading in tissues)

Question 21

Hematopoiesis

Answer 21

produce Red Bone Marrow of: Axial skeleton, Epiphyses. Hemocytoblasts give rise to form elemnts. Eventually form to RBC’s.

Question 22

Erythropoiesis:

Answer 22

Production of blood cells. (homeostasis of RBCs). Balance of RBC.

Question 23

Balance of RBC’s:

Answer 23

hormonal controls, adequate Iron, amino acids, B Vit.

Question 24

Erythropoietin:

Answer 24

hormone, stimulating RBCs, Hypoxia (not enough RBCs)

Question 25

RBCs die:

Answer 25

after 4 months. Lose shape, macrophages engulf them, spit them out, cellular debris. (can reuse) Heme and globin seperate. (Iron reuse).

Question 26

Heme

Answer 26

degrade to bilirubin. Liver secretes into intestines where it metabolizes into Uribilinogen.

Question 27

Globin

Answer 27

metabolized into amino acids and released into circulation.

Question 28

never let monkeys eat bananas (most abundant)

Answer 28

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils.

Question 29

granulocytes (3):

Answer 29

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Question 30

neutrophils:

Answer 30

pink, multiple lobes leukocytes. (PMNs). Hydrolizing enzymes and defensins. Bacteria slayers.

Question 31

eosinophils:

Answer 31

red, lysosome like. specialize on infections from parasitic worms. lessen severity of allergies.

Question 32

basophils:

Answer 32

U or S shaped. Histamine.

Question 33

lymphocytes:

Answer 33

close to RBC size, nucleus take up most of cell. B lymphocytes give off antibodies.

Question 34

Monocytes:

Answer 34

horse shoe shaped. Macrophages digest/ engulf. protect against parasites and infections.

Question 35

platelets

Answer 35

blue staining outer region. HMPMP hemocyto-blast, megakaryoblast, promegakaryocyte, megakarocyte. --> platelets. Clotting mechanism.

Question 36

hemostasis

Answer 36

forming blood clot. 3 steps: Vascular Spasm, Platelet plug formation, coagulation. (VPC)

Question 37

vascular spasm (1):

Answer 37

smooth muscle contracts causing vasonstriction.

Question 38

Platelet plug (2):

Answer 38

platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky and platelet plug fomrs.

Question 39

coagulation (3):

Answer 39

(blood clotting). Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets forming the clot.

Question 40

coagulation:

Answer 40

prothrombin activator leads to clot formation. (after platelets/ mesh network). INTRINSIC (factors present inside blood) EXTRINSIC (factors outside blood). --> lead to prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibronogen ->fibrin-> cross linked fibrin mesh.

Question 41

clot retraction:

Answer 41

stabilizes clot. Actin & myosin in platelets contract. (PDGF), fibrinolysis

Question 42

Platelet-derive growth factor (PDGF):

Answer 42

rebuild blood vessel wall.

Question 43

fibronolysis:

Answer 43

removes unneeded clot after healing.

Question 44

thromboembolic disorders:

Answer 44

undesirable clot formation. (thrombus, embolus, embolism). Aspirin/ Heparin (blood thinners)

Question 45

thrombus:

Answer 45

clot that develops unbroken blood vessels

Question 46

embolus:

Answer 46

thrombus freely floating in blood stream

Question 47

embolism:

Answer 47

embolus obstructing a vessel.

Question 48

Thrombocytopenia:

Answer 48

deficient # of circulating platelets. (Petechiae -> hemorrhage due to destruction of red bone marrow)

Question 49

Hemophilia:

Answer 49

Hereditary bleeding disorder, can't generate platelets.