Ch.4 Interactive glossary

Question 1

(1) A granule-like storage structure found in the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm. (2) A virus in the cytoplasm or nucleus of an infected cell.

Answer 1

Inclusion

Question 2

A bacterial rod; also a genus name.

Answer 2

Bacillus

Question 3

A bacterium characterized by spheres in a grapelike cluster; also a genus name.

Answer 3

Staphylococcus

Question 4

A bacterium characterized by twisted or curved rods, generally with a rigid cell wall and flagella.

Answer 4

Spirillum

Question 5

A bilayer membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 5

Outer membrane

Question 6

A carbohydrate-containing structure surrounding fungal, algal, and most bacterial and archaeal cells.

Answer 6

Cell wall

Question 7

A cell having a capsule.

Answer 7

Encapsulated

Question 8

A cellular component of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis.

Answer 8

Ribosome

Question 9

A cellular structure made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis.

Answer 9

Ribosome

Question 10

A chain of bacterial cocci; also a genus name.

Answer 10

Streptococcus

Question 11

A chain of bacterial rods; also a genus name.

Answer 11

Streptobacillus

Question 12

A complex molecule of the bacterial cell wall composed of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) cross linked by short peptides.

Answer 12

Peptidoglycan

Question 13

A component in the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall.

Answer 13

Lipid A

Question 14

A cytoplasmic body in certain bacterial cells that assists orientation to the environment by aligning with the magnetic field.

Answer 14

Magnetosome

Question 15

A cytoplasmic storage structure found in many prokaryotic cells.

Answer 15

Inclusion body

Question 16

A discrete unit of hereditary information.

Answer 16

Gene

Question 17

A form of bacterium occurring as a curved rod.

Answer 17

Vibrio

Question 18

A layer of polysaccharides and small proteins covalently bound some prokaryotic cells.

Answer 18

Capsule

Question 19

A long, hair-like structure composed of protein and responsible for motility in some prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms.

Answer 19

Flagellum

Question 19

A membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacterial cells and containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Answer 19

Outer membrane

Question 20

A microorganism that lives in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high acidity, or high salt.

Answer 20

Extremophile

Question 21

A microscopic fiber located along cell walls in certain species of spirochetes; contractions of the filaments yield undulating motion in the cell.

Answer 21

Endoflagellum

Question 22

A molecule composed of lipid and polysaccharide, found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, where it functions as an endotoxin.

Answer 22

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 23

A movement toward a chemical attractant.

Answer 23

Chemotaxis

Question 24

A pathogen-produced molecule or structure that allows the cell to invade or evade the immune system and possibly cause disease.

Answer 24

Virulence factor

Question 24

A phylum in the domain Bacteria that contains many of the gram-positive species.

Answer 24

Firmicutes

Question 25

A phylum in the domain Bacteria that exhibits fungus-like properties when cultivated in the laboratory.

Answer 25

Actinobacteria

Question 26

A poison that can activate inflammatory responses, leading to high fever, shock, and organ failure.

Answer 26

Endotoxin

Question 27

A polyphosphate-storing granule that stains deeply with methylene blue commonly found in diphtheria bacilli; also called volutin.

Answer 27

Metachromatic granule

Question 28

A process whereby certain white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign matter and often destroy microorganisms.

Answer 28

Phagocytosis

Question 29

A prokaryote that has an optimal growth temperature above 80 degrees Celsius.

Answer 29

Hyperthermophile

Question 30

A protein filament essential for conjugation between donor and recipient bacterial cells.

Answer 30

Conjugation pilus

Question 31

A protein in bacterial pili that assists in attachment to the surface molecules of cells.

Answer 31

Adhesion

Question 32

A protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that acts as channels for the passage of molecules into the periplasmic region.

Answer 32

Porin

Question 33

A shape of many bacterial and archaeal cells.

Answer 33

Spiral

Question 34

A short, hair-like structure used by some bacterial cells for attachment.

Answer 34

Pilus

Question 34

A single layer of cultured cells.

Answer 34

Monolayer

Question 35

A small, circular DNA molecule that occurs frequently in some bacterial cells and can carry genes for antibiotic resistance.

Answer 35

R plasmid

Question 36

A small, closed-loop molecule of extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome.

Answer 36

Plasmid

Question 37

A solution with more dissolved material (solutes) than the surrounding solution.

Answer 37

Hypertonic

Question 38

A spherical-shaped bacterial or archaeal cell.

Answer 38

Coccus

Question 39

A substance that attracts cells through motility.

Answer 39

Attractant

Question 39

A thick surface layer of secreted polysaccharides that serves to protect the cell from desiccation and for attachment to other surfaces.

Answer 39

Capsule

Question 40

A thin bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm.

Answer 40

Cell membrane

Question 41

A thinner, flowing, and less tightly bound form of a glycocalyx.

Answer 41

Slime layer

Question 41

A twisted bacterial rod with a flexible cell wall containing axial filaments for motility.

Answer 41

Spirochete

Question 42

A viscous polysaccharide material covering many prokaryotic cells to assist in attachment to a surface and impart resistance to desiccation

Answer 42

Glycocalyx

Question 43

An adhesive molecule on a pilus.

Answer 43

Adhesin

Question 44

An anionic polysaccharide derivative found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacterial cells.

Answer 44

Teichoic acid

Question 45

An archaeal organism living at an extremely acidic pH.

Answer 45

Extreme halophile

Question 46

An arrangement of four bacterial cells in a cube shape.

Answer 46

Tetrad

Question 47

An energy-requiring movement of substances from an area of lower concentration across a biological membrane to a region of higher concentration by means of a membrane-spanning carrier protein.

Answer 47

Active transport

Question 48

An entity with similar attributes due to shared ancestry.

Answer 48

Homolog

Question 49

An external carbohydrate layer consisting of the capsule or slime layer.

Answer 49

Glycocalyx

Question 50

An instrument that spins particles suspended in liquid at high speed.

Answer 50

Centrifuge

Question 51

Animals having jointed appendages and segmented body (e.g., ticks, lice, fleas, mosquitoes).

Answer 51

Arthropods

Question 52

Any rod-shaped bacterial or archaeal cell.

Answer 52

Bacillus

Question 53

Enzymes that break bonds in the peptidoglycan, thereby causing lysis of the cell.

Answer 53

Autolytic enzymes

Question 54

Genetic elements capable of incorporating and transferring genetic information.

Answer 54

Vector

Question 55

Having a single set of genetic information.

Answer 55

Haploid

Question 56

Members of the vertebrates, nematodes, and mollusks.

Answer 56

Metazoans

Question 57

One that compares the chemical environment and concentration from one moment to the next.

Answer 57

Temporal sensing

Question 58

Pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are not soluble in water.

Answer 58

Hydrophobic

Question 59

Pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are soluble in water.

Answer 59

Hydrophilic

Question 60

Referring to the mucous membranes lining many body cavities exposed to the environment.

Answer 60

Mucosal

Question 61

Sudden increases in the numbers of cells of an organism in an environment.

Answer 61

Blooms

Question 62

The arrangement of cells in pairs of spheres.

Answer 62

Diplococcus

Question 63

The cell wall and cell membrane of a bacterial or archaeal cell.

Answer 63

Cell envelope

Question 64

The chromosomal region of a bacterial and archaeal cells.

Answer 64

Nucleoid

Question 65

The complete set of genes in an organism.

Answer 65

Genome

Question 66

The complex of chemicals and structures within a cell; in plant and animal cells excluding the nucleus.

Answer 66

Cytoplasm

Question 67

The complex structure consisting of the cell wall and cell membrane.

Answer 67

Cell envelope

Question 68

The filaments and proteins that have homologs in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 68

Cytoskeleton (prokaryotic)

Question 69

The flagellar organization (with an outer sheath membrane) found in the spirochetes.

Answer 69

Endoflagella

Question 70

The fluid, ions, and compounds of a cell's cytoplasm excluding organelles and other structures.

Answer 70

Cytosol

Question 70

The form of membrane transport that moves materials against the concentration gradient.

Answer 70

Active transport

Question 71

The gel-like area between the cell membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacterial cells.

Answer 71

Periplasmic region

Question 72

The most common cell wall among archaeal species.

Answer 72

S-layer

Question 73

The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration across a biological membrane to a region of lower concentration by means of a membrane-spanning channel or carrier protein.

Answer 73

Facilitated diffusion

Question 74

The phospholipid bilayer with proteins that surrounds the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm

Answer 74

Plasma membrane

Question 75

The representation for the cell membrane where proteins "float" within or on a bilayer of phospholipid.

Answer 75

Fluid mosaic model

Question 76

The rupturing of a cell.

Answer 76

Lysis