Ch.6 Interactive glossary

Question 1

A biochemical process in which amino groups are enzymatically removed from amino acids or other organic compound.

Answer 1

Deamination

Question 2

A biochemical process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy and used in carbohydrate synthesis.

Answer 2

Photosynthesis

Question 3

A catabolic process that produces lactic acid during the reoxidation of NADH to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis to generate ATP.

Answer 3

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 4

A catabolic, energy-releasing process.

Answer 4

Exergonic reaction

Question 5

A chemical process that requires energy

Answer 5

Endergonic

Question 6

A cyclic series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which carbon from acetyl-CoA is released as carbon dioxide; the reactions also yield protons and high-energy electrons that are transported among coenzymes and cytochromes as their energy is released.

Answer 6

Krebs cycle

Question 7

A form of photosynthesis in which molecular oxygen is produced.

Answer 7

Oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 8

A form of photosynthesis in which molecular oxyten is not produced.

Answer 8

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Question 9

A group of pigments that act as a light trapping system for photosynthesis.

Answer 9

Photosystem

Question 10

A metabolic pathway in which acetyl groups are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide gas and some ATP molecules are formed. Also called Krebs cycle.

Answer 10

Citric acid cycle

Question 11

A microorganism or virus that causes disease.

Answer 11

Pathogen

Question 12

A pigment located in the membrane systems of purple sulfur bacteria that upon excitement by light, loses electrons and initiates photosynthetic reactions.

Answer 12

Bacteriochlorophyll

Question 13

A pigmented molecule that functions in photosynthesis; exists free in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and within the chloroplasts of eukaryotes.

Answer 13

Chlorophyll

Question 14

A reaction in the first part of photosynthesis where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP.

Answer 14

Energy-fixing reactions

Question 15

A reusable protein molecule that brings about a chemical change while remaining unchanged itself; the molecule may include a nonprotein part.

Answer 15

Enzyme

Question 16

A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate with a net gain of two ATP molecules.

Answer 16

Glycolysis

Question 17

A series of sequential steps in which energy is released from electrons as they pass from coenzymes to cytochromes, and ultimately, to oxygen gas; the energy is used to combine phosphate ions with ADP molecules to form ATP molecules.

Answer 17

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 18

A six-carbon sugar used as a major energy source for metabolism.

Answer 18

Glucose

Question 19

A small, organic molecule of cellular respiration that functions in release of carbon dioxide gas and the transfer of electrons and protons to another coenzyme.

Answer 19

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Question 20

A substance or substances resulting from a chemical reaction.

Answer 20

Product

Question 21

A type of heterotrophic organism that feeds on dead organic matter, such as rotting wood or compost.

Answer 21

Saprobe

Question 22

A type of heterotrophic organism that feeds on live organic matter such as another organism.

Answer 22

Parasite

Question 23

An anabolic, energy-requiring process.

Answer 23

Endergonic reaction

Question 24

An electron carrier that is part of oxidation phosphorylation.

Answer 24

Cytochrome

Question 25

An energy-liberating process in which larger organic compounds are broken down into smaller ones

Answer 25

Catabolism

Question 26

An energy-requiring process involving the synthesis of larger organic compounds from smaller ones

Answer 26

Anabolism

Question 27

An enzyme found in tears and saliva that digests the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacterial cell walls.

Answer 27

Lysozyme

Question 28

An inorganic substance that acts with and is essential to the activity of an enzyme; examples include metal ions and some vitamins.

Answer 28

Cofactor

Question 29

An organic molecule that forms the nonprotein part of an enzyme molecule.

Answer 29

Coenzyme

Question 30

An organism that derives energy from chemical reactions and uses the energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide.

Answer 30

Chemoautotroph

Question 31

An organism that derives energy from organic chemicals and uses the energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon compounds other than carbon dioxide gas

Answer 31

Chemoheterotroph

Question 32

An organism that requires preformed organic matter for its energy and carbon needs.

Answer 32

Heterotroph

Question 33

An organism that uses carbon dioxide gas as a carbon source.

Answer 33

Autotroph

Question 34

An organism that uses light energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon compounds other than carbon dioxide.

Answer 34

Photoheterotroph

Question 35

An organism that uses light energy to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide gas.

Answer 35

Photoautotroph

Question 36

Multi-step enzyme-catalyzed reactions that start with an initial substrate and produce a final end product; glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are examples.

Answer 36

Metabolic pathway

Question 37

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.

Answer 37

Phosphorylation

Question 38

The association of an enzyme with its substrate at the active site.

Answer 38

Enzyme-substrate complex

Question 39

The breakdown of fatty acids during cellular metabolism through the successive removal from one end of two carbon units.

Answer 39

Beta oxidation

Question 40

The end product of the glycolysis metabolic pathway.

Answer 40

Pyruvate

Question 41

The energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

Answer 41

Activation energy

Question 42

The enzyme involved in forming ATP by using the energy in a proton gradient.

Answer 42

ATP synthase

Question 43

The formation of ATP resulting from the transfer of phosphate from a substrate to ADP.

Answer 43

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 44

The gain of an electron pair by a molecule.

Answer 44

Reduction

Question 45

The generation of ATP through the trapping of light.

Answer 45

Photophosphorylation

Question 46

The loss of an electron pair from a molecule.

Answer 46

Oxidation

Question 47

The measurement and analysis of metabolites in an organism.

Answer 47

Metabolomics

Question 48

The part of oxidative phosphorylation that initially receives electron pairs from NADH and FADH and transfers the electrons eventually to a final inorganic electron acceptor.

Answer 48

Electron transport chain

Question 49

The prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that binds elsewhere than to active site of an enzyme.

Answer 49

Noncompetitive inhibition

Question 50

The prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that competes with the normal substrate for an enzyme's active site.

Answer 50

Competitive inhibition

Question 51

The process for transforming energy to ATP in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen gas.

Answer 51

Aerobic respiration

Question 52

The process of converting chemical energy into cellular energy in the form of ATP.

Answer 52

Cellular respiration

Question 53

The process that generates ATP from exergonic metabolic reactions.

Answer 53

Cellular respiration

Question 54

The production of ATP in the presence of an inorganic final electron acceptor other than oxygen gas.

Answer 54

Anaerobic respiration

Question 55

The production of ATP using the organic compound pyruvate as the final electron acceptor.

Answer 55

Fermentation

Question 56

The reactions of photosynthesis that "trap" carbon dioxide gas and require ATP and NADPH.

Answer 56

Carbon-fixing reactions

Question 57

The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Answer 57

Active site

Question 58

The slowing down or prevention of a metabolic pathway when excess end product binds noncompetitively to an enzyme in the pathway.

Answer 58

Feedback inhibition

Question 59

The substance(s) upon which an enzyme acts.

Answer 59

Substrate

Question 60

The sum of all biochemical processes taking place in a living cell.

Answer 60

Metabolism

Question 61

The synthesis of ATP as a result of proton pumping across a membrane.

Answer 61

Chemiosmosis

Question 62

The type of fermentation carried out by the yeast Saccharomyces that produces alcohol and carbon dioxide gas as the final end product.

Answer 62

Alcoholic fermentation

Question 63

The use of a proton gradient across a membrane to generate cellular energy in the form of ATP.

Answer 63

Chemiosmosis