Ch.5: Macromolecules

Question 1

Living things are made up of four classes of macromolecules:

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid

Question 2

are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

Answer 2

macromolecules

Question 3

is a long molecule consisting of many building blocks

Monomers

Answer 3

polymers

Question 4

Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers:

Answer 4

Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid

Question 5

Monomers are bonded together via a

Answer 5

condensation reaction/ dehydration reaction

Question 6

Polymers are disassembled into monomers by XXXX a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

Answer 6

Hydrolysis

Question 7

Description of Carbohydrates:

Answer 7

monosachrides and disaccharides and polysaccharide
glucose, sucrose, starch
simple sugar
major fuel for cells  
raw material for building molecules

Question 8

storage and structure

Answer 8

polysaccharide

Question 9

a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

Answer 9

starch

Question 10

is a storage polysaccharide in animals

Answer 10

glycogen

Question 11

is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells
XXXX is not easily digested
XXXXX in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber
Starch and XXXXX are both polymers of glucose, but their bonds differ.

Answer 11

Cellulose

Question 12

another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
XXXXX also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

Answer 12

Chitin

Question 13

Describe Lipids:

Answer 13

do not form polymers
have little or no affinity for water
Nonpolar
The most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids*

Question 14

are actually alcohols but alcohols behave like lipids

Answer 14

Steroids

Question 15

Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules

Answer 15

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 16

a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

Answer 16

Glycerol

Question 17

consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

Answer 17

fatty acids

Question 18

Saturated fatty acids have

Answer 18

no double bonds

the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible

Question 19

Unsaturated fatty acids have

Answer 19

one or more double bonds

Question 20

The major function of fats is

Answer 20

to store energy

Question 21

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
The phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head
These properties make it a wonderful material to form membranes

Answer 21

phospholipid

Question 22

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings

Answer 22

steroids

Question 23

an important component in animal cell membranes
Maintains correct membrane fluidity
However, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease

Answer 23

cholesterol

Question 24

Describe protein:

Answer 24

account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells
Function:
support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances

Question 25

A type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions
XXXXX can perform their functions repeatedly, functioning as workhorses that carry out the processes of life
XXXXX don’t change the net yield of a chemical reaction

Answer 25

Enzymes

Question 26

are polymers built from 20 amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Answer 26

polypeptides

Question 27

Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains,

Answer 27

R group

Question 28

Central skeleton of all 20 AA’s is the same

Answer 28

carboxyl and amino group

Question 29

A functional protein consists of

Answer 29

one or more polypeptides, twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

Question 30

Primary structure:

Answer 30

sequence of amino acids
proteins do everything except genetic encoding
determined by DNA

Question 31

Secondary Structure:

Answer 31

hydrogen bonding takes place between the strands, rippling

Question 32

Tertiary Structure:

Answer 32

several secondary structures linked together

Question 33

Quaternary Structure:

Answer 33

more than one polypeptide

Question 34

Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel
This loss of a protein’s native structure is called

Answer 34

Denaturation

Question 35

two types of nucleic acids

Answer 35

DNA and RNA

Question 36

provides directions for its own replication

XXX directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA,

Answer 36

DNA

Question 37

aids in protein synthesis

Answer 37

RNA

Question 38

Nucleic acids are polymers of

Answer 38

nucleotides

Question 39

Each nucleotide consists of a

Answer 39

Nitrogenous base
Pentose sugar (5 Carbon)
Phosphate group

Question 40

A DNA molecule is two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis, forming a

Answer 40

double helix

Question 41

In the DNA double helix, the two backbones run in opposite directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as

Answer 41

antiparallel

Question 42

The nitrogenous bases in DNA pair up and form hydrogen bonds:
Which allows DNA to replicate itself

Answer 42

adenine (A) always with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always with cytosine (C)

Question 43

Pyrimidines include:

Answer 43

Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil

Question 44

Purines include

Answer 44

Adenine and Guanine