ch6

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

mammals can learn to associate neutral stimuli (stimuli that don’t cause reactions) with stimuli that produces involuntary responses (US/Unconditioned Stimuli).

Question 2

Unconditioned response (UR/UCR)

Answer 2

involuntary responses to stimuli

Question 3

Unconditioned Stimuli (US/UCS)

Answer 3

stimuli that can cause involuntary responses

Question 4

conditioned response

Answer 4

unnatural responses achieved through association and training

Question 5

conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

formerly neutral stimulus that causes a conditional response

Question 6

learning/acquisition

Answer 6

occurs once animals respond to conditioned stimulus without presentation of Unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

delayed conditioning

Answer 7

when conditioned stimulus is presented first, followed by Unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

trace conditioning

Answer 8

when conditioned stimulus is presented, followed by a break before presenting Unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 9

when conditioned stimulus & Unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time

Question 10

backward conditioning

Answer 10

when Unconditioned stimulus is presented first, followed by conditioned stimulus

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

when conditioned stimulus no longer causes conditioned response

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

(after extinction) when conditioned stimulus causes conditioned response

Question 13

generalization

Answer 13

when patients respond to stimuli that are similar to conditioned stimulus

Question 14

discrimination

Answer 14

when patients can differentiate between conditioned stimulus and similar stimulus

Question 15

aversive conditioning

Answer 15

when something is conditioned to have a negative response to conditioned stimulus

Question 16

second/higher order conditioning

Answer 16

when a new stimulus is presented after CS causes CR to cause the same CR to a new stimuli

Question 17

learned taste aversions

Answer 17

avoiding certain foods due to nausea

Question 18

salient

Answer 18

strong, intense stimuli

Question 19

Garcia effect

Answer 19

taste aversions develop quicker when paired with nausea then any other negative feeling

Question 20

operant conditioning

Answer 20

learning based of association with consequences to ones behavior

Question 21

law of effect

Answer 21

behavior will increase if consequences are pleasant, and behavior will decrease if consequences are unpleasant

Question 22

skinner box

Answer 22

a box that has a way too deliver food to an animal through a switch/button an animal can interact with.

Question 23

positive reinforcement

Answer 23

addition of something positive

Question 24

negative reinforcement

Answer 24

removal of something negative

Question 25

escape learning

Answer 25

behavior learned that allows someone to escape a negative stimulus

Question 26

avoidance learning

Answer 26

learning to avoid a negative stimulus altogether

Question 27

punishment

Answer 27

consequences that makes a behavior less likely

Question 28

positive punishment

Answer 28

addition of something unpleasant

Question 29

negative punishment

Answer 29

removal of something pleasant

Question 30

shaping

Answer 30

reinforces steps needed to reach desired behavior

Question 31

chaining

Answer 31

learning to perform a number of responses successfully in exchange for a reward

Question 32

primary reinforcers

Answer 32

things that people naturally find rewarding (food, water, rest)

Question 33

secondary reinforcers

Answer 33

reinforcers that people have learned to value (video games, tv, etc)

Question 34

generalized reinforcer

Answer 34

type of secondary reinforcer that can be exchanged for other reinforcers (money)

Question 35

token economy

Answer 35

when tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are given as a reward for good behavior

Question 36

continuous reinforcement

Answer 36

when certain behavior is rewarded every single time

Question 37

partial reinforcement

Answer 37

rewarding after a certain amount of responses

Question 38

partial reinforcement effect

Answer 38

behavior will be more resistant to extinction when partial reinforcement is used

Question 39

reinforcement schedules

Answer 39

(Fixed Ratio/ Fixed Interval/ Variable Ratio/ Variable Interval)

Question 40

fixed ratio (FR)

Answer 40

when reinforcement is given after a set number of responses

Question 41

variable ratio (VR)

Answer 41

when reinforcement is given after a varying amount of responses

Question 42

fixed interval (FI)

Answer 42

when reinforcement is given once a response is made after a certain amount of time

Question 43

variable interval (VI)

Answer 43

when reinforcement is given once a response is made after a varying amount of time

Question 44

instinctive drift

Answer 44

when animals abandon rewards to pursue an instinctive behavior

Question 45

pavlovian/contiguity model

Answer 45

hypothesizes that the more times 2 things are paired, the greater the learning that takes place

Question 46

contingency model

Answer 46

states that learning is dependant on how reliably CS can cause US

Question 47

observational learning/modeling

Answer 47

(2 parts- observation & imitation) people observe someone before imitating their behavior

Question 48

latent learning (latent=hidden)

Answer 48

latent learning is any behaviors that are learned but are not shown due to lack of reinforcement

Question 49

abstract learning

Answer 49

understanding concepts instead of learning basic instructions

Question 50

insight learning

Answer 50

when someone suddenly realizes how to solve a problem