ch5

Question 1

transduction

Answer 1

stimuli are turned into neutral impulses

Question 2

sensory adaptation

Answer 2

decreasing response to stimuli due to constant stimulation

Question 3

sensory habituation

Answer 3

perception of stimuli is partially due to how much you focus on them

Question 4

cocktail party phenomena

Answer 4

perceiving stimuli can be both voluntary & involuntary

Question 5

sensation

Answer 5

activation of senses

Question 6

perception

Answer 6

process of understanding sensations

Question 7

energy senses

Answer 7

vision, hearing, touch

Question 8

trichromatic theory

Answer 8

states that there are 3 types of cones in the retina (cones that detect red, blue & green)

Question 9

opponent process theory

Answer 9

(explains color blindness & afterimages)
states that sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)
and when one sensory is stimulated, it prevents the other from firing

Question 10

amplitude

Answer 10

height of wave, determines vollume

Question 11

frequency

Answer 11

length of wave, determines pitch

Question 12

ossicles (small bones in ears)

Answer 12

hammer, anvil, stirup

Question 13

cochlea

Answer 13

snail shell like structure that is filled with fluids

Question 14

basilar membrane

Answer 14

floor of cochlea, filled with hair cells connected to organ of corti

Question 15

organ of corti

Answer 15

neurons activated by movement of hair cells

Question 16

place theory

Answer 16

theorizes that hairs in the cochlea respond to different pitches depending on where they are located in the cochlea

Question 17

frequency theory

Answer 17

pitch is sensed because hair fires at different rates in the cochlea

Question 18

conduction deafness

Answer 18

deafness that is caused when something is wrong with conducting sound to the cochlea

Question 19

nerve/sensorineural deafness

Answer 19

deafness that is caused when hair in the cochlea is damaged

Question 20

gate control theory

Answer 20

touch theory. states that some pain messages have higher priority when passing through the “gate”

Question 21

chemical senses

Answer 21

taste, smell

Question 22

taste/gustation

Answer 22

chemicals from food are absorbed by taste buds

Question 23

smell/olfaction

Answer 23

absorbs molecules of substances that rise into the air

Question 24

body position senses

Answer 24

vestibular sense, kinesthetic sense

Question 25

vestibular sense

Answer 25

tells how body is oriented

Question 26

kinesthetic sense

Answer 26

tells how specific parts of the body are oriented

Question 27

absolute threshold

Answer 27

the minimum amount of stimulation needed before the body can detect it

Question 28

difference threshold

Answer 28

how much a stimulus needs to change before a difference can be noticed

Question 29

just-noticeable difference

Answer 29

smaller amount of change in a stimulus before change is detected

Question 30

weber's law/Weber-Fechner's law

Answer 30

states that the amount of change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus

Question 31

signal detection theory

Answer 31

theorizes the intensity of the stimulus + the physical/psychological state of the person determines whether or not a person can process the stimulus

Question 32

top down processing

Answer 32

when background knowledge is used to fill gaps about what is perceived

Question 33

schemata

Answer 33

how you expect the world to be likeperce

Question 34

perceptual set

Answer 34

the tendency to perceive something in a certain way

Question 35

bottom up processing/feature analysis

Answer 35

uses individual characteristics of an object to create a complete perception

Question 36

figure ground relationship

Answer 36

brain deciding what part of the image is the figure and what is the background

Question 37

gestalt rules

Answer 37

states that people are more likely to process images as groups. proximity, similarity, continuity, closure

Question 38

proximity

Answer 38

objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same grounp

Question 39

similarity

Answer 39

objects similar in appearance are likely to be perceived as the same group

Question 40

continuity

Answer 40

objects that are arranged in a particular pattern are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group

Question 41

closure

Answer 41

objects that make up a recognizable image share more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.

Question 42

constancy

Answer 42

the ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes in angle, light, etc

Question 43

size constancy

Answer 43

when objects are perceived to be the same size despite changes caused by the distance a person is from it.

Question 44

shape constancy

Answer 44

when objects are perceived to be the same shape despite being looked at from a different angle

Question 45

brightness constancy

Answer 45

when objects are perceived to be a constant color(s) despite the amount of light.

Question 46

perceived motion

Answer 46

when a brain perceives something as moving when its not

Question 47

stroboscope effectt

Answer 47

still pictures presented at a certain speed will appear to be moving

Question 48

phi phenomenom

Answer 48

a series of lights turned on and off at a particular rate will cause it to appear as one moving light

Question 49

autokinetic effect

Answer 49

if people stare at spots of light in a dark room, they will see the spots move even if there is no movement

Question 50

monocular cues

Answer 50

depth cues that can be perceived without 2 eyes

Question 51

linear perspective

Answer 51

a series of parallel lines that connect at a single vanishing point to create the illusion of depth

Question 52

relative size cue

Answer 52

the close an object is to the viewer, the bigger it is

Question 53

interposition cue

Answer 53

objects that block other objects are closer

Question 54

texture gradient

Answer 54

the closer an object is to the viewer, the more detailed it is

Question 55

shadows

Answer 55

implies a light source

Question 56

binocular cues

Answer 56

depth cues that require 2 eyes

Question 57

binocular/retinal disparity

Answer 57

each eye sees a slightly different angle of an image, and the brain combines the images to detect depth

Question 58

convergence

Answer 58

as an object gets closer, the eyes must converge (move) to perceive it. the brain takes into account the amount of movement in order to perceive depth.