ch7

Question 1

models of memory

Answer 1

explanations to how memory works

Question 2

three box/information processing model

Answer 2

external events are processed by sensory memory, before some of it gets encoded into short term. some more info is then encoded into long term memory.

any info that is not encoded is lost

Question 3

iconic memory

Answer 3

split second perfect “photograph” of a scene

Question 4

echoic memory

Answer 4

perfect brief (3–4 secs) memory for audio

Question 5

selective attention

Answer 5

encoding what is important or what we are currently paying attention to

Question 6

short term memory

Answer 6

memories that usually fade after 10-30 secs. has capacity of 7 items on average

Question 7

clunking

Answer 7

grouping any number of items into 7 groups

Question 8

mnemonic devices

Answer 8

memory aids
(ex, ROYGBIV= colors of rainbow)

Question 9

long term memory

Answer 9

permanent memory with unlimited storage

Question 10

decay

Answer 10

when long term memories fade over time

Question 11

episodic memory

Answer 11

memories of specific events stores in chronological order

Question 12

semantic memory

Answer 12

general knowledge of the world

Question 13

procedural memory

Answer 13

memories of skills and how to perform them

Question 14

explicit/declarative memories

Answer 14

memories that are intentionally remembered/recalled

Question 15

implicit/nondeclarative memories

Answer 15

memories that are not intentionally remembered/recalled

Question 16

levels of processing model

Answer 16

memories are either deeply/elaborately processed or shallowly/maintenance processed.

states that people remember things more if they spend more time and energy on it

Question 17

retrieval

Answer 17

last step of any memory model.
gets information out of storage and into consciousness.
there are 2 kinds: recognition & recall

Question 18

recognition

Answer 18

matching a current event/fact with one already in memory

Question 19

recall

Answer 19

retrieving a memory when given an external cue

Question 20

primary effect

Answer 20

predicts that items shown in the beginning are more likely to be recalled

Question 21

recency effect

Answer 21

predicts that the items at the end are more likely to be recalleds

Question 22

serial position effect/curve

Answer 22

combination of primary effect & recency effect=
first and last parts are more likely to be remembered

Question 23

tip of the tongue phenomenom

Answer 23

temporary inability to remember information

Question 24

semantic network theory

Answer 24

states that brain might form new memories by connecting meanings & context with already existing ones

Question 25

flashbulb memories

Answer 25

when memories are more vivid due to association with an important event

Question 26

mood congruent memory

Answer 26

greater likelihood of recalling a memory when their current mood matches the mood they were in during the memory

Question 27

state dependant memory

Answer 27

recalling events that were encoded during a particular state of consciousness

Question 28

constructed/reconstructed memory

Answer 28

brain adding false details to a real memory or creating entirely new ones. can be caused by insistent questioning

Question 29

retroactive interference

Answer 29

learning information interferes with recall of old information

Question 30

proactive interference

Answer 30

older information learned previously interferes with recall of new information

Question 31

language

Answer 31

is described with phonemes and morphemes

Question 32

phonemes

Answer 32

smallest units of sound in a languagem

Question 33

morphemes

Answer 33

smallest unit of meaningful sound (ex. "a" "or" "pre-")

Question 34

syntax

Answer 34

the particular order words are written/spoken in

Question 35

stages of language acquisition

Answer 35

stage 1. babbling stage 2. holophrastic/one word stage stage 3. telegraphic speech/two word stage

Question 36

overgeneralization/overregularization

Answer 36

misuse of grammar rules

Question 37

language acquisition device

Answer 37

ability to learn a language rapidly as children

Question 38

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 38

theorizes that the language we use may limit our thinking

Question 39

concepts

Answer 39

cognitive rules we use to categorize stimuli we encounter (ex. objects, people)

Question 40

prototypes

Answer 40

the most typical example of a concept

Question 41

algorithms

Answer 41

solving problems by trying every possible solutionh

Question 42

heuristics

Answer 42

a rule that is generally, but not always true

Question 43

availability heuristic

Answer 43

judging a solution based eoff past similar situations

Question 44

representative heuristic

Answer 44

judging a solution based off prototypes a person holds in their minds

Question 45

belief bias/perserverance

Answer 45

tendency to not change beliefs even when faced with evidence

Question 46

rigidity/mental set

Answer 46

tendency to fall into established thought patterns (using past experiences to solve new problems)

Question 47

functional fixedness

Answer 47

inability to see a new function for an object

Question 48

confirmation bias

Answer 48

tendency to look for evidence that supports your beliefs and ignore evidence that goes against it

Question 49

framing

Answer 49

how a problem is presented

Question 50

convergent thinking

Answer 50

thinking pointed towards 1 solution

Question 51

divergent thinking

Answer 51

thinking pointed towards multiple solutions