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Microbiology > chap 15 > Flashcards

chap 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

The first and second lines of defense against microbial invasion are part of

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

The second line of defense against invading microbes includes

A

phagocytic white blood cells

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3
Q

Response to specific pathogens that can improve with subsequent exposure is

A

the third line of defense

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4
Q

Which of the following cells increase in number during an infection with parasitic worms?

A

eosinophil

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5
Q

Which of the following areas of the body have mucous membranes?

A

mouth, nasal cavity and urinary system

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6
Q

Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of

A

both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body

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7
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the surface of the skin is FALSE?

A

it has goblet cells

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8
Q

Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?

A

tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes

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9
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of “microbial antagonism”?

A

he presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways
to prevent pathogens from invading the body

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10
Q

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against
microbial invaders?

A

The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed
constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

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11
Q

What antibacterial chemical is present in tear fluid?

A

lysozyme

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12
Q

Which of the following statements about eosinophil function is CORRECT?

A

They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and produce toxins that kill the parasite.

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13
Q

Antimicrobial peptides called ________ are secreted in sweat and damage bacteria and fungi.

A

dermcidins

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14
Q

The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to

A

both triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection.

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15
Q

Cells of the second line of defense called ________ recognize and kill virus-infected cells.

A

NK cells

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16
Q

The process of phagocytosis involve all of the following EXCEPT

A

secretion of cytotoxins

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17
Q

Mannose sugar occurs on the surface of some bacteria and fungi and can trigger the

A

lectin pathway of complement activation

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18
Q

Which of the following are phagocytic cells descended from monocytes?

A

alveolar macrophages and microglial cells

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19
Q

Which of the following cells is a component of the body’s first line defense?

A

goblet cells

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20
Q

Which of the following leukocytes are called “agranulocytes” because of the absence of granules in their
cytoplasm revealed by basic or acidic dyes?

A

lymphocyte

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21
Q

Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream?

A

monocyte

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22
Q

The components of the second line of defense against microbes may be characterized as

A

responders to invasion

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23
Q

Which of the following proteins are part of the first line of defense against microbial invasion?

A

dermcidins

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24
Q

Which of the following are among the activities of neutrophils?

A

formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and production of nitric oxide

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25
Which of the following is an iron-binding protein produced by pathogens to access the body's store of iron?
siderophores
26
Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is TRUE?
TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes.
27
Alpha and beta interferons
are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages.
28
What are NOD proteins?
cytoplasmic receptors of microbial molecules
29
The alternative pathway of complement cascade activation begins with ________ binding to the surface of a microbe.
C3b
30
Fever is beneficial during viral infection because the higher temperature
increases the effectiveness of interferons
31
Which of the following substances contributes to the edema associated with inflammation?
both leukotrienes and histamine
32
Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead and dying tissue cells, leukocytes, and pathogens?
a tumor
33
How does aspirin act to decrease the symptoms of inflammation?
It acts as an antiprostaglandin.
34
Which of the following are macrophage functions?
phagocytosis of pathogens and secretion of alpha interferons and leukotrienes
35
Which of the following acts as a chemotactic factor?
C5a
36
The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as
he movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus
37
Opsonization is
he coating of a pathogen by complement to facilitate phagocytosis
38
Proteins on the surface of phagocytes called ________ aid in the detection of pathogen molecules.
TLRs
39
A type of lymphocyte called a(n) ________ detects cells with abnormal surface proteins and kills them.
NK cell
40
Which of the following statements is TRUE of eosinophils?
they secrete toxins onto the surface of helminth parasites
41
Microbial molecules detected by phagocytes are called
PAMPs
42
TLRs are
phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs.
43
The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes
are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virus-infected cells
44
First line of defense may be described as
intact skin, mucous membranes, sebum, tears, and so forth
45
Sebum contains ________ which contributes to creating an inhospitable environment on the surface of the body.
acids
46
T or F | Interferons alpha and beta are effective against viruses
true
47
T or F | The resident microbiota have no role in defense against pathogen invasion
False
48
T or F | Sweat can cause damage to bacteria because it contains salt and lysozyme.
true
49
T or F | The phenomenon known as species resistance is a highly specific defense against infectious agents.
false
50
T or F Some toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on the surface of host cells and recognize specific microbial molecules.
True
51
T or F | Innate immunity is not effective against fungus infections.
false
52
T or F | Acute inflammation is normally beneficial
true
53
T or F | The growth of some microbes is inhibited by elevated body temperature.
true
54
T or F | Neutrophils can kill bacteria by nonphagocytic mechanisms.
true
55
T or F Inflammation is an important part of the body's first line of defense, and it involves migration of phagocytes to the area.
false
56
White blood cells known as (basophils/lymphocytes/neutrophils) are the main cells involved in the third line of defense.
lymphocytes
57
The absence of necessary receptors is the basis of the defense against microbial invasion known as (natural/innate/species) resistance.
species
58
Sweat glands produce (lysozyme/dermcidin/acid), which destroys the cell wall of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits.
lysozyme
59
The (epithelial/goblet/mucous) cells in the tracheal mucous membrane produce mucus.
goblet
60
``` The oily substance that lowers the pH of the skin's surface to about pH 5 and is inhibitory to many bacteria is (sebum/sweat/serum). ```
sebum
61
The normal microbiota interact with potential pathogens in a variety of ways to protect the body, creating a situation known as microbial (antagonism/competition/resistance)
antagonism
62
In a process called (cytokinesis/hematopoiesis/hematocrit), blood stem cells located in the bone marrow produce the three types of formed elements found in the blood.
hematopoiesis
63
Nonphagocytic (eosinophils/monocytes/NK cells) are a type of lymphocyte which produce toxins to kill abnormal cells.
NK cells
64
Neutrophils use their own (DNA/RNA/TLR) in the formation of NETs to trap bacteria.
DNA
65
Proteins produced by the innate immune response to fight virus infection are (complement/interferons/opsonins).
interferons
66
Eosinophils respond to (complement/lipopolysaccharide/histamines) and kill bacteria in a nonphagocytic process.
lipopolysaccharide
67
``` Macrophages release (bradykinin/histamine/prostaglandin) in response to microbes and thereby contribute to acute inflammation. ```
prostaglandin
68
Intracellular PAMPs are detected by (C1/NOD/TLR) proteins. (Be sure to use capital letters in your answer.)
NOD
69
Intact skin layers are part of the body's (first/second/third) line of defense against pathogens.
first
70
Some pathogens produce toxins which function as (histamines/prostaglandins/pyrogens) to cause fever.
pyrogens

Microbiology (9 decks)

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