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Microbiology > chap 15 > Flashcards

chap 15 Flashcards

1
Q

The first and second lines of defense against microbial invasion are part of

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

The second line of defense against invading microbes includes

A

phagocytic white blood cells

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3
Q

Response to specific pathogens that can improve with subsequent exposure is

A

the third line of defense

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4
Q

Which of the following cells increase in number during an infection with parasitic worms?

A

eosinophil

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5
Q

Which of the following areas of the body have mucous membranes?

A

mouth, nasal cavity and urinary system

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6
Q

Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of

A

both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body

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7
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the surface of the skin is FALSE?

A

it has goblet cells

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8
Q

Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?

A

tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes

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9
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of “microbial antagonism”?

A

he presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways
to prevent pathogens from invading the body

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10
Q

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against
microbial invaders?

A

The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed
constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

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11
Q

What antibacterial chemical is present in tear fluid?

A

lysozyme

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12
Q

Which of the following statements about eosinophil function is CORRECT?

A

They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and produce toxins that kill the parasite.

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13
Q

Antimicrobial peptides called ________ are secreted in sweat and damage bacteria and fungi.

A

dermcidins

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14
Q

The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to

A

both triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection.

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15
Q

Cells of the second line of defense called ________ recognize and kill virus-infected cells.

A

NK cells

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16
Q

The process of phagocytosis involve all of the following EXCEPT

A

secretion of cytotoxins

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17
Q

Mannose sugar occurs on the surface of some bacteria and fungi and can trigger the

A

lectin pathway of complement activation

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18
Q

Which of the following are phagocytic cells descended from monocytes?

A

alveolar macrophages and microglial cells

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19
Q

Which of the following cells is a component of the body’s first line defense?

A

goblet cells

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20
Q

Which of the following leukocytes are called “agranulocytes” because of the absence of granules in their
cytoplasm revealed by basic or acidic dyes?

A

lymphocyte

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21
Q

Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream?

A

monocyte

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22
Q

The components of the second line of defense against microbes may be characterized as

A

responders to invasion

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23
Q

Which of the following proteins are part of the first line of defense against microbial invasion?

A

dermcidins

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24
Q

Which of the following are among the activities of neutrophils?

A

formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and production of nitric oxide

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25
Q

Which of the following is an iron-binding protein produced by pathogens to access the body’s store of
iron?

A

siderophores

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26
Q

Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is TRUE?

A

TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes.

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27
Q

Alpha and beta interferons

A

are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages.

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28
Q

What are NOD proteins?

A

cytoplasmic receptors of microbial molecules

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29
Q

The alternative pathway of complement cascade activation begins with ________ binding to the surface
of a microbe.

A

C3b

30
Q

Fever is beneficial during viral infection because the higher temperature

A

increases the effectiveness of interferons

31
Q

Which of the following substances contributes to the edema associated with inflammation?

A

both leukotrienes and histamine

32
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of
dead and dying tissue cells, leukocytes, and pathogens?

A

a tumor

33
Q

How does aspirin act to decrease the symptoms of inflammation?

A

It acts as an antiprostaglandin.

34
Q

Which of the following are macrophage functions?

A

phagocytosis of pathogens and secretion of alpha interferons and leukotrienes

35
Q

Which of the following acts as a chemotactic factor?

A

C5a

36
Q

The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as

A

he movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus

37
Q

Opsonization is

A

he coating of a pathogen by complement to facilitate phagocytosis

38
Q

Proteins on the surface of phagocytes called ________ aid in the detection of pathogen molecules.

A

TLRs

39
Q

A type of lymphocyte called a(n) ________ detects cells with abnormal surface proteins and kills them.

A

NK cell

40
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE of eosinophils?

A

they secrete toxins onto the surface of helminth parasites

41
Q

Microbial molecules detected by phagocytes are called

A

PAMPs

42
Q

TLRs are

A

phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs.

43
Q

The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes

A

are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virus-infected cells

44
Q

First line of defense may be described as

A

intact skin, mucous membranes, sebum, tears, and so forth

45
Q

Sebum contains ________ which contributes to creating an inhospitable environment on the surface of
the body.

A

acids

46
Q

T or F

Interferons alpha and beta are effective against viruses

A

true

47
Q

T or F

The resident microbiota have no role in defense against pathogen invasion

A

False

48
Q

T or F

Sweat can cause damage to bacteria because it contains salt and lysozyme.

A

true

49
Q

T or F

The phenomenon known as species resistance is a highly specific defense against infectious agents.

A

false

50
Q

T or F
Some toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on the surface of host cells and recognize specific microbial
molecules.

A

True

51
Q

T or F

Innate immunity is not effective against fungus infections.

A

false

52
Q

T or F

Acute inflammation is normally beneficial

A

true

53
Q

T or F

The growth of some microbes is inhibited by elevated body temperature.

A

true

54
Q

T or F

Neutrophils can kill bacteria by nonphagocytic mechanisms.

A

true

55
Q

T or F
Inflammation is an important part of the body’s first line of defense, and it involves migration of
phagocytes to the area.

A

false

56
Q

White blood cells known as (basophils/lymphocytes/neutrophils) are the main cells involved in the third
line of defense.

A

lymphocytes

57
Q

The absence of necessary receptors is the basis of the defense against microbial invasion known as
(natural/innate/species) resistance.

A

species

58
Q

Sweat glands produce (lysozyme/dermcidin/acid), which destroys the cell wall of bacteria by cleaving the
bonds between the sugar subunits.

A

lysozyme

59
Q

The (epithelial/goblet/mucous) cells in the tracheal mucous membrane produce mucus.

A

goblet

60
Q 
The oily substance that lowers the pH of the skin's surface to about pH 5 and is inhibitory to many 
bacteria is (sebum/sweat/serum).
A

sebum

61
Q

The normal microbiota interact with potential pathogens in a variety of ways to protect the body, creating
a situation known as microbial (antagonism/competition/resistance)

A

antagonism

62
Q

In a process called (cytokinesis/hematopoiesis/hematocrit), blood stem cells located in the bone marrow
produce the three types of formed elements found in the blood.

A

hematopoiesis

63
Q

Nonphagocytic (eosinophils/monocytes/NK cells) are a type of lymphocyte which produce toxins to kill
abnormal cells.

A

NK cells

64
Q

Neutrophils use their own (DNA/RNA/TLR) in the formation of NETs to trap bacteria.

A

DNA

65
Q

Proteins produced by the innate immune response to fight virus infection are
(complement/interferons/opsonins).

A

interferons

66
Q

Eosinophils respond to (complement/lipopolysaccharide/histamines) and kill bacteria in a nonphagocytic
process.

A

lipopolysaccharide

67
Q 
Macrophages release (bradykinin/histamine/prostaglandin) in response to microbes and thereby 
contribute to acute inflammation.
A

prostaglandin

68
Q

Intracellular PAMPs are detected by (C1/NOD/TLR) proteins. (Be sure to use capital letters in your
answer.)

A

NOD

69
Q

Intact skin layers are part of the body’s (first/second/third) line of defense against pathogens.

A

first

70
Q

Some pathogens produce toxins which function as (histamines/prostaglandins/pyrogens) to cause fever.

A

pyrogens

Microbiology (9 decks)

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