chapter 20

Question 1

Some microbes gain access to the normally axenic central nervous system by

Answer 1

either damaging the blood-brain barrier or by axonal transport from infected peripheral neurons.

Question 2

Encephalitis is an infection of

Answer 2

the brain

Question 3

The Gram-negative diplococcus ________ is resistant to phagocytosis and releases Lipid A to cause inflammation

Answer 3

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 4

The Gram-positive diplococcus ________ is commonly found in the pharynx but may invade the central nervous system inside cells where it survives after endocytosis

Answer 4

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 5

The pleomorphic bacterium ________ is an obligate parasite due to its requirement for NAD+ and heme

Answer 5

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 6

Newborns exposed to the Gram-positive bacterium ________ during vaginal birth are at risk of

Answer 6

Streptococcus agalactiae

Question 7

Contaminated food is the source of ________, which causes meningitis in the elderly and susceptible persons

Answer 7

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 8

Bacterial agents of meningitis which can survive phagocytosis include

Answer 8

both Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Question 9

The type of bacterial meningitis that becomes epidemic among young adults is caused by

Answer 9

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE of foodborne botulism?

Answer 10

it is an intoxication disorder

Question 11

Botulism toxin disrupts motor control by

Answer 11

blocking the release of acetylcholine by motor neurons.

Question 12

How does tetanospasmin affect motor control?

Answer 12

It blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS.

Question 13

Tetanus vaccine contains

Answer 13

antibodies against Clostridium tetani

Question 14

The highly destructive form of Hansen’s disease is the result of

Answer 14

autoimmune disease triggered by Mycobacteriu leprae.

Question 15

Which of the following diseases is the result of a bacterial infection of peripheral nerves

Answer 15

Hansen’s disease

Question 16

Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis is directly related to its ability to

Answer 16

live and reproduce inside its host’s cells

Question 17

Which of the following causes of viral meningitis is transmitted by the fecal-oral route?

Answer 17

echovirus

Question 18

Viral meningitis is also called “aseptic meningitis”

Answer 18

to indicate no bacteria are involved

Question 19

The least common type of polio is

Answer 19

paralytic polio

Question 20

Slow deterioration of muscle function occurring over many years occurs in

Answer 20

postpolio syndrome

Question 21

Poliovirus is most often transmitted via

Answer 21

contaminated water

Question 22

Which of the following statements concerning rabies is FALSE?

Answer 22

all mammals can serve as a reservoir for the disease

Question 23

Which of the following nervous system diseases is treated with both passive and active immunization?

Answer 23

rabies

Question 24

The normal hosts for St. Louis encephalitis virus are

Answer 24

birds

Question 25

The disease known as cryptococcal meningitis

Answer 25

results from exposure to bird droppings and begins as a lung infection.

Question 26

African sleeping sickness is fatal if not treated because the parasite

Answer 26

evades destruction by the immune system by changing surface antigens.

Question 27

An intracellular parasite primarily transmitted as an STD is the agent of ________, which may cause enough damage to result in blindness

Answer 27

trachoma

Question 28

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can be prevented by avoiding

Answer 28

consumption of contaminated meat

Question 29

Nasal or ocular contact with water containing ________ may result in primary amebic meningoencephalitis

Answer 29

both Acanthomoeba and Naegleria

Question 30

Which of the following is classified as a spongiform encephalopathy?

Answer 30

variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Question 31

A child is brought to the hospital with high fever and headache. During examination a stiff neck is noted. What sign indicates the child has viral meningitis instead of bacterial meningitis?

Answer 31

clear CSF

Question 32

The condition known as “pinkeye” may be the result of infection with

Answer 32

Haemophilus influenzae.

Question 33

A child is brought to the hospital with a high fever, nausea, and vomiting, and complaining of headache. The cerebrospinal fluid collected by spinal tap is cloudy and contains spherical cells which stain Gram-positive. These signs and symptoms are consistent with

Answer 33

bacterial meningitis probably due to Streptococcus.

Question 34

T or F:Cryptococcal meningitis can affect both healthy and immunocompromised individuals.

Answer 34

true

Question 35

T or F: Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted to animals and people by a bloodsucking fly.

Answer 35

true

Question 36

T or F: Rabies is a rare zoonosis in humans but common in many other species of mammal.

Answer 36

true

Question 37

T or F: Fungi rarely infect the central nervous system.

Answer 37

true

Question 38

T or F: All arboviruses are members of the same virus family.

Answer 38

false

Question 39

T or F: Horses and humans are considered “dead-end” hosts for arboviruses.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

T or F: Rodents are a major reservoir for rabies

Answer 40

false

Question 41

T or F: Viral meningitis is usually more serious than bacterial meningitis.

Answer 41

false

Question 42

T or F: Tetanospasmin blocks the release of stimulatory neurotransmitters.

Answer 42

false

Question 43

T or F: Clostridium botulinum can grow in the intestinal tracts of both infants and adults.

Answer 43

false

Question 44

The only natural hosts for infection with the microbe Mycobacterium leprae are humans and (armadillos/birds/pigs).

Answer 44

armadillos

Question 45

Infant botulism is the result of (inhalation/ingestion/inoculation) of bacterial endospores.

Answer 45

ingestion

Question 46

The neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum produce (paralysis/spasms/weakness) by interfering with acetylcholine secretion.

Answer 46

paralysis

Question 47

The form of botulism known as (foodborne/infant/wound) is an intoxication disorder.

Answer 47

foodborne

Question 48

West Nile virus is transmitted by (food/mosquitoes/water).

Answer 48

mosquitoes

Question 49

Children in the United States are vaccinated with the (IPV/OPV/PEP) to prevent polio. (Use all uppercase in your answer.)

Answer 49

IPV

Question 50

A diagnostic indicator of bacterial meningitis is (clear/milky/dark) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Answer 50

milky

Question 51

The presence of (cocci/diplococci/coccobacilli/streptococci) in the CSF is consistent with infection with Listeria monocytogenes. (Describe the appearance of the cells.)

Answer 51

coccobacilli

Question 52

Small subcutaneous hemorrhages called (granulations/macules/petechiae) are sometimes present in cases of meningitis.

Answer 52

petechiae

Question 53

The normal habitat for Naegleria is (birds/mammals/water).

Answer 53

water

Question 54

Negri bodies are a characteristic microscopic finding in the diagnosis of (encephalitis/leprosy/rabies).

Answer 54

rabies

Question 55

The (eyes/intestines/lungs) are the initial site of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans.

Answer 55

lungs

Question 56

The presence of the pathogen in the blood called (bacteremia/parasitemia/viremia) is a defining feature of African sleeping sickness.

Answer 56

parasitemia

Question 57

Spongiform encephalopathy diseases develop as a result of infection with (parasites/prions/rabies).

Answer 57

prions

Question 58

The condition called (conjunctivitis/keratitis/trachoma) is the result of infection of the cornea.

Answer 58

keratitis