Chapter 14 Flashcards by Gabrielle Graham

Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis?

Microbes crossing the placenta to the fetus

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Mutualism is a relationship

That provides benefits for both members, sometimes to the point that one cannot live without the other

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The bacteria staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in the nasal cavity of healthy people. If inhaled into the lungs, however, it may cause pneumonia. Staphylococcus aureus is best described as

Both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen

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Chagas’ disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent?

Parenteral route

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Symptoms are

Subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel

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The close contact between newborns and family members allow them to become _____ with microbes that become established as their microbiota

Colonized

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In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease?

A person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears

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Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE?

The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in the disease cases

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Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota?

Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy

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Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens ?

Treatment of a cancer patient with radiation

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Which of the following is NOT considered a member of the normal human microbiota

Microsporum

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A toxin common to all Gram-negative bacteria is

Lipid A

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Among the virulence factors produced by staphylococcus aureus are hemolysis, coagulase, hyluronidase and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute to the ability of S. Aureus to invade the body ?

Hyaluronidase

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Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe?

The illness period

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Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route?

Yellow fever

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Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission?

Cockroach transmission of Shingella

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Which of the following is a sign of disease

Fever

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Which of the following are a symptom of disease?

Fatigue

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Diseases that are introduced by modern medical procedures are referred to as ________ infections

Iatrogenic

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The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by a cough and remain viable in the air for an hour or more. If a person inhales the bacteria from the air, what type of transmission has occurred?

Airborne

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In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza(swine flu) in the US. By the summer the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000. The patterns of the novel H1N1 cases in the US respresents a ______ disease

Epidemic

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The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the US was 12.43/100,000 cases this means

There were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the US in the year 2000

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A strain of neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence. What function has the pathogen lost?

The ability to adhere to cells of the body

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Over 470,000 cases of cholera were reported in Haiti in the two years following the 2010 earthquake. Which of the following was most likely the mode of transmission

Contaminated water

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The person known to history as Typhoid Mary never had typhoid fever but was identified by the public health officials as a source of salmonella enterica Typhi. Which of the following is the most accurate description of her in this scenario?

Both a human carrier and a reservoir

Aerosols may be involved in _____ transmission of pathogens

Droplet

Fomites are

Inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens

Koch’s postulates we’re used to demonstrate the relationship between

Haemophilus influenzae and meningitis

Which of the following diseases may be reduced and improved by public sanitation measures

Cholera

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of a disease proceS

Incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

People who wash their hands frequently during cold season typically have fewer colds than those who do not. This observation suggests cold viruses can be transmitted by

Both direct contact and fomites

Treatment with high doses of antibiotics may lead to which type of healthcare associated infection

Superinfection

Which of the following virulence factors directly contributes to severe inflammation

Lipid A

A pathogen is best described as

Any microorganism that causes disease

Microbes known as transient microbiota are

Organisms that remain in the body for a short time

Infectious diseases can be classified on the basis of

Disease severity and duration, organ system affected or type of microbe

Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as

Microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life

A new influenza strain appears and is spreading rapidly. What measures might be taken by public health agencies to stop the spread?

Educate the people, promote vaccination and treat those who are infected

Commensalism is best described as

Relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed

The condition called parasitism is characterized as an

Relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other

An axenic environment is one

That is free of microbes

The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as

An unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes

A reservoir is

A source is microbial contamination

T or F | In commensalism one member of the relationship harms the other

False

T or F | Normal microbiota may cause disease if conditions changes in the body

True

T or F | A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease

True

T or F | All diseases go through the stages known as incubation period, prodomal period and illness

False

T or F | Microbial contamination always results in infection

False

T or F | Influenza is an example of a chronic disease

False

T or F | Biofilm provide an alternative means for bacteria to attach to surfaces within the body

True

T of F | People in the asymptomatic incubation stage of disease may be a reservoir of the agent

True

T or F | Koch’s postulates can be applied to every infectious disease to identify its causative pathogen

False

T or F | All infections result in disease

False

Toxins that affect the lining of the digestive tract are

Enterotoxins

The degree to which a microbe is able to cause disease is known as it’s

Virulence

The _____ are normally axenic

Lungs

Bacterial capsules are ______ virulence factors

Antiphagocytic

The ______ period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of the disease

Incubation

Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause disease of the upper respiratory system. This situation is an example of

Commensalism

Lipid A is a _______ that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock and blood coagulation

Endotoxins

Persons with asymptomatic infections may be _____ of disease

Reservoirs

Pathogens in droplets of body fluids are spread by _____ transmission

Contact

Nausea is an example of a ______ of disease

Symptom

The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater. As a consequence cholera epidemics primarily involve ______ reservoirs

No living

The study of the cause of disease is known as _____

Etiology

A ______ infection is one in which the microbe is actively reproducing but not causing symptoms

Subclinical

In early 2014, west African countries began diagnosing and reporting cases of Ebola for the first time in their history. This is an example of an _____ disease

Epidemic

Virions attach to a target host cell by means of _____

Ligands

A patient has an upset GI endoscopic procedure and later develops a severe ______ infection with the Gram negative pathogen known as CRE

iatrogenic