Chapter 1 0 Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Question 1

Temporal sequence
of antecedents, behavior, and consequences.
The theory that people’s problems do
not stem from activating events but, rather, from
their beliefs about such events. Thus, the best
route to changing problematic emotions is to
change one’s beliefs about situations.

Answer 1

A-B-C model of personality

Question 2

A form of cognitive distortion
that refers to making conclusions without
supporting and relevant evidence.

Answer 2

Arbitrary inferences

Question 3

Maladaptive thoughts
that appear to arise reflexively, without conscious
deliberation.

Answer 3

Automatic thoughts

Question 4

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing

the client’s self-verbalizations.

Answer 4

Cognitive behavior modification (CBM)

Question 5

A treatment
approach that aims at changing cognitions
that are leading to psychological problems.

Answer 5

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Question 6

In cognitive therapy, the
client’s misconceptions and faulty assumptions.
Examples include arbitrary inference, selective
abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification
and minimizations, labeling and mislabeling, dichotomous
thinking, and personalization.

Answer 6

Cognitive distortions

Question 7

A process of actively
altering maladaptive thought patterns and replacing
them with constructive and adaptive
thoughts and beliefs.

Answer 7

Cognitive restructuring

Question 8

The organizing aspect of
thinking, which monitors and directs the choice
of thoughts; implies an “executive processor,”
one that determines when to continue, interrupt,
or change thinking patterns.

Answer 8

Cognitive structure

Question 9

An approach and set
of procedures that attempts to change feelings
and behavior by modifying faulty thinking and
believing.

Answer 9

Cognitive therapy (CT)

Question 10

A pattern that triggers depression.

Answer 10

Cognitive triad

Question 11

A strategy of viewing
the client as a scientist who is able to make objective
interpretations. The process in which therapist
and client work together to phrase the client’s
faulty beliefs as hypotheses and design homework
so that the client can test these hypotheses.

Answer 11

Collaborative empiricism

Question 12

A recent development
in cognitive therapy that emphasizes the
subjective framework and interpretations of the
client rather than looking to the objective bases
of faulty beliefs.

Answer 12

Constructivist approach

Question 13

An approach
that focuses on the stories that people tell
about them themselves and others regarding signifi
cant events in their lives.

Answer 13

Constructivist narrative perspective

Question 14

A behavioral procedure
for helping clients deal effectively with
stressful situations by learning to modify their
thinking patterns.

Answer 14

Coping skills program

Question 15

A cognitive error that
involves categorizing experiences in either-or
extremes.

Answer 15

Dichotomous thinking

Question 16

Erroneous thinking that
disrupts one’s life; can be contradicted by the client’s
objective appraisal of the situation.

Answer 16

Distortion of reality

Question 17

Carefully designed and agreed
upon assignments aimed at getting clients to
carry out positive actions that induce emotional
and attitudinal change. These assignments are
checked in later sessions, and clients learn effective
ways to dispute self-defeating thinking.

Answer 17

Homework

Question 18

The sentences that people
tell themselves and the debate that often goes on
“inside their head”; a form of self-talk, or inner
speech.

Answer 18

Internal dialogue

Question 19

An unreasonable conviction

that leads to emotional and behavioral problems.

Answer 19

Irrational belief

Question 20

A term coined by Ellis to refer
to behavior that is absolutist and rigid. We tell
ourselves that we must, should, or ought to do or
be something.

Answer 20

Musturbation

Question 21

A process of holding extreme
beliefs on the basis of a single incident
and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar
events or settings.

Answer 21

Overgeneralization

Question 22

A tendency for people to relate
external events to themselves, even when
there is no basis for making this connection.

Answer 22

Personalization

Question 23

A theory that is based on the assumption that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact signifi cantly
and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship.

Answer 23

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT

Question 24

A form of intense
mental practice for learning new emotional
and physical habits. Clients imagine themselves
thinking, feeling, and behaving in exactly the
way they would like to in everyday situations.

Answer 24

Rational emotive imagery

Question 25

The quality of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help us attain our goals. Irrationality consists of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that are self-defeating and that thwart our goals.

Answer 25

Rationality

Question 26

Procedure for promoting long-term maintenance that involves identifying situations in which clients are likely to regress to old patterns and to develop coping skills in such situations.

Answer 26

Relapse prevention

Question 27

Core beliefs that are centrally related to dysfunctional behaviors. The process of cognitive therapy involves restructuring distorted core beliefs .

Answer 27

Schema

Question 28

A cognitive distortion that involves forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event.

Answer 28

Selective abstraction

Question 29

An approach to therapy based on the assumption that what people say to themselves directly infl uences the things they do. Training consists of learning new selftalk aimed at coping with problems.

Answer 29

Self-instructional therapy

Question 30

What people “say” to themselves when they are thinking. The internal dialogue that goes on within an individual in stressful situations.

Answer 30

Self-talk

Question 31

A strategy used in REBT therapy that encourages people to do things despite a fear of feeling foolish or embarrassed. The aim of the exercise is to teach people that they can function effectively even if they might be perceived as doing foolish acts.

Answer 31

Shame-attacking exercises

Question 32

A process that cognitive therapists use in helping clients empirically test their core beliefs. Clients form hypotheses about their behavior through observation and monitoring.

Answer 32

Socratic dialogue

Question 33

Individuals are given opportunities to deal with relatively mild stress stimuli in successful ways, so that they gradually develop a tolerance for stronger stimuli.

Answer 33

Stress inoculation

Question 34

A form of cognitive behavior modification developed by Donald Meichenbaum that is a combination of information giving, Socratic discussion, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, relaxation training, behavioral rehearsals, self-monitoring, self-instruction, self-reinforcement, and modifying environmental situations.

Answer 34

Stress inoculation training (SIT)

Question 35

A process whereby the therapist strives to engage the client’s active participation in all phases of therapy.

Answer 35

Therapeutic collaboration

Question 36

T F 1. REBT makes use of both cognitive and behavioral techniques, but it does not use emotive techniques.

Answer 36

f

Question 37

T F 2. REBT stresses the importance of the therapist demonstrating unconditional positive regard for the client.

Answer 37

t

Question 38

T F 3. Cognitive therapy for depression | was developed by Meichenbaum.

Answer 38

f

Question 39

T F 4. A major contribution made by Ellis, the Becks, and Meichenbaum is the demystification of the therapy process.

Answer 39

t

Question 40

T F 5. Ellis shares Rogers’s view of the client– therapist relationship as a condition for change to occur within clients.

Answer 40

f

Question 41

T F 6. Beck developed a procedure known | as stress-inoculation training.

Answer 41

f

Question 42

T F 7. To feel worthwhile, human beings need love and acceptance from signifi cant others.

Answer 42

f

Question 43

T F 8. Ellis maintains that events themselves do not cause emotional disturbances; rather, it is our evaluation of and beliefs about these events that cause our problems.

Answer 43

t

Question 44

T F 9. A difference between Beck’s cognitive therapy and Ellis’s REBT is that Beck places more emphasis on helping clients discover their misconceptions for themselves than does Ellis.

Answer 44

t

Question 45

T F 10. According to Beck, people become disturbed when they label and evaluate themselves by a set of rules that are unrealistic.

Answer 45

t

Question 46

``` 11. Which of the following is not a part of stress inoculation training? a. Socratic discovery-oriented inquiry b. relaxation training c. behavioral rehearsals d. self-reinforcement e. exception questions ```

Answer 46

e

Question 47

``` 12. REBT is based on the philosophical assumption that human beings are a. innately striving for selfactualization. b. determined by strong unconscious sexual and aggressive forces. c. potentially able to think rationally but have a tendency toward irrational thinking. d. trying to develop a lifestyle to overcome feelings of basic inferiority. e. determined strictly by environmental conditioning. ```

Answer 47

c

Question 48

13. REBT stresses that human beings a. think, emote, and behave simultaneously. b. think without emoting. c. emote without thinking. d. behave without emoting or thinking.

Answer 48

a

Question 49

14. REBT views neurosis as the result of a. inadequate mothering during infancy. b. failure to fulfi ll our existential needs. c. excessive feelings. d. irrational thinking and behaving.

Answer 49

d

Question 50

15. In cognitive behavioral group therapy a. there is some research that shows that this approach is effective for treating a wide range of emotional and behavioral problems. b. the group leader assumes a blank screen demeanor so as to enhance transference feelings of the members. c. the assumption is that a therapeutic atmosphere is both necessary and suffi cient for change to occur. d. the group leader believes that using techniques interferes with the group process. e. the emphasis is on having members identify and express feelings.

Answer 50

a

Question 51

16. REBT contends that people a. have a need to be loved and accepted by everyone. b. need to be accepted by most people. c. will become emotionally sick if they are rejected. d. do not need to be accepted and loved. e. need to be accepted and will become sick if they are rejected.

Answer 51

d

Question 52

``` 17. According to REBT, we develop emotional disturbances because of a. a traumatic event. b. our beliefs about certain events. c. abandonment by those we depend on for support. d. withdrawal of love and acceptance. ```

Answer 52

b

Question 53

``` 18. Meichenbaum’s focuses on helping clients become aware of their self-talk and the stories they tell about themselves. a. self-instructional training b. narrative therapy c. self-awareness conditioning d. self-talk analysis e. cognitive behavioral training ```

Answer 53

a

Question 54

``` 19. In cognitive therapy the assumption is that psychological problems stem from processes such as a. faulty thinking. b. making incorrect inferences on the basis of inadequate or incorrect information. c. failing to distinguish between fantasy and reality. d. negative automatic thoughts. e. all of the above. ```

Answer 54

e

Question 55

``` 20. Cognitive therapy is based on the assumption that a. our feelings determine our thoughts. b. our feelings determine our actions. c. cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. d. the best way to change thinking is to reexperience past emotional traumas in the here and now. e. insight is essential for any type of change to occur. ```

Answer 55

c

Question 56

``` 21. In cognitive therapy techniques are designed to a. assist clients in substituting rational beliefs for irrational beliefs. b. help clients experience their feelings more intensely c. identify and test clients’ misconceptions and faulty assumptions. d. enable clients to deal with their existential loneliness. e. teach clients how to think only positive thoughts. ```

Answer 56

c

Question 57

``` 22. The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms or categorizing experiences in either-or extremes is known as a. magnifi cation and exaggeration. b. polarized thinking. c. arbitrary inference. d. overgeneralization. e. none of the above. ```

Answer 57

b

Question 58

``` 23. Beck’s cognitive therapy differs from Ellis’s REBT in that Beck emphasizes a. a Socratic dialogue. b. helping clients discover their misconceptions by themselves. c. working with the client in collaborative ways. d. more structure in the therapeutic process. e. all of the above. ```

Answer 58

e

Question 59

``` 24. Beck’s cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of a. stress symptoms. b. psychosomatic reactions. c. phobias. d. depression. e. cardiovascular disorders. ```

Answer 59

d

Question 60

``` 25. In self-instructional training, which of the following is given primary importance? a. detecting and debating irrational thoughts b. the role of inner speech c. learning the A-B-C model of emotional disturbances d. identifying cognitive errors e. exploring feelings that are attached to early decisions ```

Answer 60

b