CHAPTER 9 BEHAVIOR THERAPY

Question 1

This model of behavior posits that
behavior (B) is influenced by some particular
events that precede it, called antecedents (A),
and by certain events that follow it called consequences
(C).

Answer 1

ABC model

Question 2

A process involving receiving our
present experience without judgment or preference,
but with curiosity and gentleness, and striving
for full awareness of the present moment.

Answer 2

Acceptance

Question 3

A mindfulness-based program that encourages
clients to accept, rather than attempt to control
or change, unpleasant sensations.

Answer 3

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Question 4

A social skills
program designed for individuals who have trouble
with aggressive behavior.

Answer 4

Anger management training

Question 5

Ones that cue or elicit a certain
behavior.
Applied behavior analysis Another term for
behavior modification; this approach seeks to
understand the causes of behavior and address
these causes by changing antecedents and consequences.

Answer 5

Antecedent events

Question 6

A set of techniques that involves
behavioral rehearsal, coaching, and learning
more effective social skills; specific skills
training procedures used to teach people ways
to express both positive and negative feelings
openly and directly.

Answer 6

Assertion training

Question 7

Questioning that enables
the therapist to identify the particular antecedent
and consequent events that infl uence or are functionally
related to an individual’s behavior.

Answer 7

Assessment interview

Question 8

The conceptual framework of
multimodal therapy, based on the premise that
human personality can be understood by assessing
seven major areas of functioning: behavior,
affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions,
interpersonal relationships, and drugs/
biological functions.

Answer 8

BASIC I.D.

Question 9

A therapeutic approach
that deals with analyzing and modifying
human behavior.

Answer 9

Behavior modification

Question 10

A technique consisting of
trying out in therapy new behaviors (performing
target behaviors) that are to be used in everyday
situations.

Answer 10

Behavior rehearsal

Question 11

This approach refers to the
application of diverse techniques and procedures,
which are supported by empirical evidence.

Answer 11

Behavior therapy

Question 12

Identifying the maintaining
conditions by systematically gathering
information about situational antecedents, the
dimensions of the problem behavior, and the
consequences of the problem.

Answer 12

Behavioral analysis

Question 13

A set of procedures
used to get information that will guide the development
of a tailor-made treatment plan for
each client and help measure the effectiveness of
treatment.

Answer 13

Behavioral assessment

Question 14

Also known as Pavlovian
conditioning and respondent conditioning. A
form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is
repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally
elicits a particular response. The result is that
eventually the neutral stimulus alone elicits the
response.

Answer 14

Classical conditioning

Question 15

An approach
that blends both cognitive and behavioral
methods to bring about change. (The term CBT
has largely replaced the term “behavior therapy,”
due to the increasing emphasis on the interaction
among affective, behavioral, and cognitive
dimensions.)

Answer 15

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Question 16

Procedures aimed at teaching clients specifi c skills

to deal effectively with problematic situations.

Answer 16

Cognitive behavioral coping skills therapy

Question 17

Internal events such as

thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and self-statements.

Answer 17

Cognitive processes

Question 18

Events that take place as a result

of a specifi c behavior being performed.

Answer 18

Consequences

Question 19

Written agreement
between a client and another person that specifi
es the relationship between performing target
behaviors and their consequences.

Answer 19

Contingency contracting

Question 20

A blend
of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques
aimed at treating borderline personality disorders;
primarily developed by Marsha Linehan.

Answer 20

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Question 21

Therapeutic interventions that have empirical evidence to support their use.

Answer 21

Evidence-based treatments

Question 22

Treatment for fears and
other negative emotional responses by carefully
exposing clients to situations or events contributing
to such problems.

Answer 22

Exposure therapies

Question 23

When a previously reinforced behavior
is no longer followed by the reinforcing
consequences, the result is a decrease in the frequency
of the behavior in the future.

Answer 23

Extinction

Question 24

An exposure-based therapy that
involves imaginal fl ooding, cognitive restructuring,
and the use of rhythmic eye movements and
other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic
stress disorders and fearful memories of clients.

Answer 24

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

EMDR

Question 25

Prolonged and intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli without the opportunity to avoid or escape from them.

Answer 25

Flooding

Question 26

The process of systematically generating information on the events preceding and following the behavior in an attempt to determine which antecedents and consequences are associated with the occurrence of the behavior.

Answer 26

Functional assessment

Question 27

Brief and graduated | exposure to an actual fear situation or event.

Answer 27

In vivo desensitization

Question 28

Involves client exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than merely imagining these situations.

Answer 28

In vivo exposure

Question 29

Intense and prolonged exposure | to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.

Answer 29

In vivo fl ooding

Question 30

A process that involves becoming increasingly observant and aware of external and internal stimuli in the present moment and adopting an open attitude toward accepting what is, rather than judging the current situation.

Answer 30

Mindfulness

Question 31

A comprehensive integration of the principles and skills of mindfulness applied to the treatment of depression.

Answer 31

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Question 32

This program applies mindfulness techniques to coping with stress and promoting physical and psychological health.

Answer 32

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

Question 33

Learning through observation and | imitation.

Answer 33

Modeling

Question 34

A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus.

Answer 34

Multimodal therapy

Question 35

A reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior.

Answer 35

Negative punishment

Question 36

The termination or withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing some desired behavior.

Answer 36

Negative reinforcement

Question 37

A type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them.

Answer 37

Operant conditioning

Question 38

An aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

Answer 38

Positive punishment

Question 39

A form of conditioning whereby the individual receives something desirable as a consequence of his or her behavior; a reward that increases the probability of its recurrence.

Answer 39

Positive reinforcement

Question 40

An event whose presentation increases the probability of a response that it follows.

Answer 40

Positive reinforcement

Question 41

A method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. It is aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and is easily learned.

Answer 41

Progressive muscle relaxation

Question 42

The process in which a behavior is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the future probability of a behavior.

Answer 42

Punishment

Question 43

A specifi ed event that strengthens the tendency for a response to be repeated. It involves some kind of reward or the removal of an aversive stimulus following a response.

Answer 43

Reinforcement

Question 44

A basic assumption is that people are capable of self-directed behavior change and the person is the agent of change.

Answer 44

Self-directed behavior

Question 45

An individual’s belief or expectation that he or she can master a situation and bring about desired change.

Answer 45

Self-effi cacy

Question 46

Strategies in self-management programs include self-monitoring, selfreward, self-contracting, and stimulus control.

Answer 46

Self-management

Question 47

A collection of cognitive behavioral strategies based on the idea that change can be brought about by teaching people to use coping skills in various problematic situations.

Answer 47

Self-modifi cation

Question 48

The process of observing one’s own behavior patterns as well as one’s interactions in various social situations.

Answer 48

Self-monitoring

Question 49

1. Operant conditioning was mainly | developed by B. F. Skinner.

Answer 49

t

Question 50

``` T F 2. Behavior therapists look to current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental contingencies. ```

Answer 50

t

Question 51

T F 3. The emphasis of contemporary behavior therapy is on evidence-based treatments.

Answer 51

f

Question 52

T F 4. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is based on helping clients control or change unpleasant sensations and thoughts.

Answer 52

t

Question 53

T F 5. Behavioral techniques can be effectively incorporated into a group counseling format.

Answer 53

f

Question 54

T F 6. Typically, the goals of the therapeutic process are determined by the therapist.

Answer 54

f

Question 55

T F 7. Behavior therapists tend to be active and directive, and they function as consultants and problem solvers.

Answer 55

t

Question 56

T F 8. Multimodal therapy consists of a series of techniques that are used with all clients in much the same way.

Answer 56

f

Question 57

``` T F 9. Relaxation training has benefi ts in areas such as preparing patients for surgery, teaching clients how to cope with chronic pain, and reducing the frequency of migraine attacks. ```

Answer 57

t

Question 58

T F 10. A program of behavioral change should begin with a comprehensive assessment of the client.

Answer 58

t

Question 59

11. Behavior therapy is grounded on a. the psychodynamic aspects of a person. b. the principles of learning. c. a philosophical view of the human condition. d. the events of the fi rst 5 years of life.

Answer 59

b

Question 60

``` 12. Mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches a. have received empirical support as an effective form of therapy. b. have no legitimate place in behavior therapy. c. have no research evidence to support the value of the techniques used. d. are a part of traditional behavior therapy. e. have not yet been accepted into the behavioral tradition. ```

Answer 60

a

Question 61

``` 13. In behavior therapy it is generally agreed that a. the therapist should decide the treatment goals. b. the client should decide the treatment goals. c. goals of therapy are the same for all clients. d. goals are not necessary. ```

Answer 61

b

Question 62

``` 14. Which is not true as it is applied to behavior therapy? a. Insight is necessary for behavior change to occur. b. Therapy should focus on behavior change and not attitude change. c. Therapy is not complete unless actions follow verbalizations. d. A good working relationship between client and therapist is necessary for behavior change to occur. ```

Answer 62

a

Question 63

``` 15. According to most behavior therapists, a good working relationship between client and therapist is a. a necessary and suffi cient condition for behavior change to occur. b. a necessary, but not suffi cient, condition for behavior change to occur. c. neither a necessary nor a suffi cient condition for behavior change to occur. ```

Answer 63

b

Question 64

``` 16. Applied behavior analysis makes use of a. classical conditioning techniques. b. operant conditioning techniques. c. cognitive behavioral techniques. d. all of the above. e. none of the above. ```

Answer 64

b

Question 65

17. Mindfulness practices rely on a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. didactic instruction. d. high intellectual abilities. e. experiential learning and client discovery.

Answer 65

e

Question 66

18. Dialectical behavior therapy a. has no empirical support for its validity. b. is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques. c. is a long-term therapy for treating depression. d. is a form of operant conditioning. e. is a form of classical conditioning.

Answer 66

b

Question 67

``` 19. Which is not true of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)? a. DBT was formulated for treating borderline personality disorders. b. DBT emphasizes the importance of the client–therapist relationship. c. DBT incorporates mindfulness training and Zen practices. d. DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques. e. DBT relies on empirical data to support its effectiveness. ```

Answer 67

d

Question 68

``` 20. An exposure-based procedure that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the induction of rapid, rhythmic eye movements aimed at treatment of traumatic experiences is called a. fl ooding. b. in vivo desensitization. c. systematic desensitization. d. relaxation training. e. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. ```

Answer 68

e

Question 69

``` 21. Prolonged/intense exposure—either in real life or in imagination—to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli is called a. self-management training. b. in vivo desensitization. c. systematic desensitization. d. fl ooding. e. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. ```

Answer 69

d

Question 70

``` 22. A limitation of traditional behavior therapy is its a. lack of research to evaluate the effectiveness of techniques. b. de-emphasis on the role of feelings in therapy. c. lack of clear concepts on which to base practice. d. disregard for the client–therapist relationship. e. overemphasis on early childhood experiences. ```

Answer 70

b

Question 71

``` 23. Contemporary behavior therapy places emphasis on a. the interplay between the individual and the environment. b. helping clients acquire insight into the causes of their problems. c. a phenomenological approach to understanding the person. d. encouraging clients to reexperience unfi nished business with signifi cant others by role-playing with them in the present. e. working through the transference relationship with the therapist. ```

Answer 71

a

Question 72

``` 24. Which is not true as it applies to multimodal therapy? a. Therapeutic fl exibility and versatility are valued highly. b. Therapists adjust their procedures to effectively achieve the client’s goals in therapy. c. Great care is taken to fi t the client to a predetermined type of treatment. d. The approach encourages technical eclecticism. e. The therapist makes a comprehensive assessment of the client’s level of functioning at the outset of therapy. ```

Answer 72

c

Question 73

``` 25. Which of the following is not considered one of the basic characteristics of contemporary behavior therapy? a. Experimentally derived principles of learning are systemati-cally applied to help people change their maladaptive behaviors. b. Emphasis is on using evidencebased treatment interventions. c. The focus is on assessing overt and covert behavior directly, identifying the problem, and evaluating change. d. The therapy is an experiential and insight-oriented approach. e. There is an attempt to develop culture-specifi c procedures and obtain clients’ adherence and cooperation in a treatment program. ```

Answer 73

d