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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 essential concepts for study of human body

A
  1. Complementarity of structure and function
  2. Hierarchy of structural organization
  3. Homeostasis
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2
Q

2 complementary branches of science

A

Anatomy & Physiology

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Studies structure of body parts & their relationship to one another; concrete concept, no imagination

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4
Q

Physiology

A

Concerns functions of body; how body parts work & carry out life sustaining actions

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5
Q

Subdivisions of anatomy

A
  1. Gross/ Macroscopic
  2. Microscopic
  3. Developmental
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6
Q

Gross/ Macroscopic anatomy

A

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (body posts)

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7
Q

3 kinds of gross anatomy

A
  1. Regional
  2. Systematic
  3. Surface
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8
Q

Regional anatomy

A

All structures, muscles, bones, nerves etc, in a certain region of body are examined at same time

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9
Q

Systematic anatomy

A

Body structures studied system by system. Ex. Cardiovascular system would examine heart & blood vessels

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10
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Study of internal structures as they relate to skin surface

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11
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Deals w/ structures too small to be seen w/ naked eye

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12
Q

Subdivisions of Microscopic anatomy

A

Cytology & Histology

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13
Q

Cytology

A

Considers cells of body

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14
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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15
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Traces structural changes that occur in body thru out life span

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16
Q

Embryology

A
  • subdivision of developmental anatomy

- concerns developmental changes that occur b4 birth

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17
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

Studies structure changes caused by disease

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18
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

Studies internal structures as visualized by Xray images or special scanning procedures

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19
Q

Molecular biology

A

The structure of biological molecules (chemical substances) is investigated;

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20
Q

Essential tools for studying anatomy

A
  1. Mastery of anatomical terminology
  2. Observation
  3. Manipulation
  4. In a living person, palpation- feeling organs w/ hands
  5. Auscultation- listening to organ sounds w/ stethoscope
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21
Q

Physiology subdivisions

A

Based on organ systems: renal, neurophysiology, cardiovascular

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22
Q

Renal physiology

A

Concerns kidney function & urine production

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23
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Explains workings of nervous system

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24
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Examines operation of heart & blood vessels

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25
Principle of complementarity of structure & function
Anatomy & Physiology are inseparable bc function always reflects structure
26
Levels of structural organization
Chemical< Cellular< Tissue< Organ< Organ system< Organismal
27
Chemical level
Simplest level; atoms form molecules which forms organelles
28
Cellular level
Cells & their organelles
29
Tissue level
Groups of similar cells w/ common function
30
4 basic tissue types in humans
×epithelium ×muscle ×connective tissue ×nervous tissue
31
Organ level
Contains at least 2 tissue types that perform specific function for body; level where complex functions become possible
32
Organ system level
Organs that work together to accomplish common purpose
33
Organ systems
Cardiovascular; integumentary; skeletal; muscular; nervous; endocrine; lymphatic; respiratory; digestive; urinary; & reproductive
34
Organismal level
Highest level of organization; represents sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
35
Necessary life functions
- Maintain boundaries - Movement, Digestion - Responsiveness - Metabolism, Excretion - Reproduction, Growth
36
Contractility
Muscle cell's ability to move by shortening
37
Survival needs
``` #Nutrients, oxygen, water #normal body temp. #appropriate atmospheric pursue ```
38
Homeostasis
Bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
39
What is essential for homeostasis, what systems are responsible for it, & what method do they use to do it?
Communication; nervous & endocrine system; neural electrical impulses or blood borne hormones as info carriers
40
Variable
Factor or event being regulated
41
All homeostatic mechanisms are processes involving ___
At least 3 components that work together
42
Receptor
1st component; Sensor that monitors environment & responds to changes by sending info to 2nd component
43
Stimuli
The changes that causes the receptor to respond
44
Input
Info the receptor sends to 2nd component
45
Afferent pathway
The route input flows from receptor to control center
46
Control Center
2nd component; determines set point, analyzes the input it receives & determines the appropriate response
47
Output
Info control center sends to 3rd component
48
Efferent pathway
The route output flows from control center to 3rd component
49
Effector
Provides means for control center's response to the stimulus
50
Feedback
What the results of the response do to influence the effect of the stimulus
51
Negative feedback
Reduces effect of stimulus so the whole control shuts off; most feedback mechanisms are this kind; Opposite of initial change; ex. Body temp
52
Positive feedback
Enhances the effect of the stimulus so the whole process continues at an even faster rate; change that results proceeds in same direction as initial change; ex. Labor & blood clotting; "cascades"
53
Homeostatic imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis that can result in disease
54
Causes of homeostatic imbalance
Age decreases efficiency of body's control system; when negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed & destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over
55
Anatomical position
Standard body position; reference point; body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms face forward, thumbs away from body; right & left not determined by viewer
56
2 fundamental divisions of our body
Axial & appendicular
57
Axial part
Main axis of body, includes head, neck, & trunk
58
Appendicular part
Consists of appendages/ limbs attached to body's axis
59
What % of all structures present in human body match textbook descriptions
90%
60
The main body planes
Sagittal, frontal, & transverse
61
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane dividing body into left & right parts
62
Sagittal plane exactly at midline
Median plane/ midsagittal
63
Parasagittal plane; para=
All other sagittal planes offset from midline; (near)
64
Frontal planes
Vertical; divide body into anterior & posterior; also called coronal
65
Transverse plane
Horizontal from right to left; superior & inferior parts; "" section called cross section
66
Oblique sections
Cuts made diagonally between horizontal & vertical planes
67
Dorsal body cavity
Protects fragile nervous system organs; has 2 subdivisions, cranial & vertebral which are continuous w/ each other
68
Cranial cavity
In skull, encases the brain
69
Vertebral cavity
Also called spinal; runs w/in bony vertebral column; encloses delicate spinal cord
70
Ventral body cavity
More anterior & larger of closed body cavities; has 2 major subdivisions, thoracic & abdominopelvic; houses internal organs
71
Viscera; viscus
Also called visceral; Collective internal organs; organ in a body cavity
72
Thoracic cavity
Superior subdivision; surrounded by ribs & chest muscles; further subdivided into lateral pleural cavities each enveloping a lung & mediastinum
73
Mediastinum
Contains pericardial cavity & surrounds remaining thoracic organs
74
Pericardial cavity
Encloses heart
75
Abdominopelvic cavity
More inferior; has 2 parts not physically separated by by muscle or membrane wall; abdominal & pelvic cavity
76
Abdominal cavity
Superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity; contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver,etc.
77
Pelvic cavity
Inferior portion of of abdominopelvic cavity; Ltd. In bony pelvis & contains urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, & rectum
78
Serosa membrane
Also called serous; cover walls of ventral body cavity & outer surfaces off organs it contains; thin, double layered
79
Parietal serosa
Part of serosa membrane lining cavity walls
80
Visceral serosa
Covers organs in ventral cavity
81
Serous fluid
Thin layer of lubricating fluid separating serous membranes; is secreted by both membranes; allows organs to slide w/out friction

A&P (9 decks)

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