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Chapter 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

nasal septum

A

midline that divides the nasal cavities

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2
Q

concha

A

+3 scroll-like mucosa-covered projections protruding medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity
+provide turbulence for inspired air

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3
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

+in ring format
+located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bones
+lighten skull, warm air

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4
Q

nasopharynx

A

+top third of pharynx
+only an air passageway
+closed by soft palate during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasal cavity

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5
Q

functions of the nose

A
  1. Provides airway for respiration
  2. Moistens and warms entering air
  3. Filters and cleans inspired air
  4. Resonating chamber for speech
  5. Houses olfactory receptors
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6
Q

adenoids

A

pharyngeal tonsils; high on the back wall of nasopharynx; trap/destroy inspired pathogens

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7
Q

tubal tonsil

A

+ridge of pharyngeal mucosa
+arches over auditory tubes in nasopharynx
+protect middle ear from infection

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8
Q

oropharynx

A

+food and air traffic

+site of palatine and lingual tonsils

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9
Q

laryngopharynx

A

food and air traffic; site of the larynx

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10
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

“adam’s apple”; forms shield (2 plates) at larynx

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11
Q

epiglottis

A 
\+elastic cartilage, covered in taste buds
\+anchors onto thyroid cartilage
\+covers lower larynx during swallowing
\+keeps food out of resp. system
\+doesn’t work when unconscious
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12
Q

true vocal cords

A

+mucosal folds within the vocal ligaments

+vibrate to produce sound

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13
Q

glottis

A

vocal folds plus the space between them through which air passes

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14
Q

false vocal cords

A

+superior to the vocal folds
+close glottis during swallowing
+play no part in sound production

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15
Q

trachea

A

+extends from larynx
+reinforced w/ C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
+conducts air towards lungs
+divides into 2 primary bronchi

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16
Q

bronchus

A

+L and R, primary, secondary, tertiary forms the bronchial tree
+filter and warm incoming air

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17
Q

lungs

A

+paired composite organs found in pleural cavity of thorax
+elastic CT allow expansion and retraction
+layered by a thin, double-layered pleurae
+contain the bronchial tree

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18
Q

dust cells

A

macrophages found btwn alveoli that gobble up fine-particle debris

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19
Q

respiratory zone

A

+actual site of gas exchange

+alveoli, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles

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20
Q

conducting zone

A

+all other respiratory passageways

+provide conduits for air to reach resp. zone

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21
Q

Boyles law

A

+pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

+P1V1=P2V2

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22
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

force exerted by the air; at sea level it is 760 mmHg

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23
Q

surface tension and surfactants

A

+compression of the surface of a liquid due to the cohesive forces among the molecules of the liquid
+surfactants interfere with this and allow the liquid to spread out more

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24
Q

infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

+caused by immature lungs
+too little surfactant in the alveoli
+lungs collapse with each breath

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25
tidal volume
amount of air that normally moves in and out of lungs w/ each breath under resting conditions
26
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled
27
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forced from the lungs after tidal expiration
28
residual volume
amount of air that always stays in the lungs
29
vital capacity
max amount of air that can be inspired then expired
30
anatomical dead space
conducting zone; airways that fill w/ air but cannot perform gas exchange
31
minute respiratory volume
total amount of gas that flows in and out of the lungs in 1 minute
32
alveolar ventilation rate
measures flow of fresh gas in and out of alveoli during a particular time interval (ml/min)
33
Henry’s law
- mixture of gases comes into contact with a liquid - each gas in mixture will dissolve into the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure - the greater the concentration of gas, the more and faster it will go into solution
34
describe hemoglobin
- 4 protein chains each w/ a heme molecule in the center | - each heme has iron atom which binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide reversibly
35
describe factors that affect hemoglobin function
binding is affected (decreased) by high temp, low ph, and Pco2
36
hypoxia
inadequate oxygen to the body’s tissues
37
hyperbaric
high pressure > 760 mmHg (1 atm); 1900-2280 mmHg
38
oxygen toxicity
- excessive exposure to oxygen pressure (2.5-3 atm) | - free radical production and nerve damage
39
inspiratory center
cells in medulla that stimulate diaphragm and intercostals to contract
40
pneumotaxic center
cells in the pons that quicken respiration rate
41
apneustic center
cells in the pons that slow respiration rate
42
epistaxis
- clinical term for a nosebleed | - due to trauma or excessive noseblowing or dry mucosa
43
vibrissae
nose hairs; filter air breathed in
44
pharynx
- connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus | - 3 regions: naso, oro, and laryngopharynx
45
larynx
- voice box; where voice originates | - continuous w/ trachea
46
alveoli
- thin walled sacs found in clusters | - fill w/ air
47
Type I cells
- simple squamous epithelium cells that form alveoli | - secrete angiotensin converting enzyme
48
Type II cells
produce surfactant
49
external respiration
gas exchange btwn alveoli and RBC's
50
internal respiration
RBC's take O2 to cells of body
51
% of N and O2 in air
N-79% | 02-21%
52
partial pressure
-(P)=atmospheric pressure x % in air
53
partial pressure of N and O2
- P=760 mm Hg x .79 | - P=760 mm Hg x .21
54
O2 transport in blood
- 98.5% attach to hemoglobin in blood cells | - 1.5% dissolves in plasma
55
CO poisoning
- 200x affinity to hemoglobin than O2 - irreversibly blinds to hemoglobin - causes hypoxia in tissue - signs: headache, nausea, dizziness, breathelessness, collapse, lose consciousness
56
Hering-Breuer reflex
- inflation reflex - protects lungs from over inflation - in the pulmonary stretch receptors
57
rhinitis
inflammation of nasal mucosa
58
sinusitis
inflammation of sinuses
59
laryngitis
inflammation of larynx
60
pleurisy
inflammation of pleura btwn layers in lung
61
aspiration
act of inhaling or drawing something into the lungs, usually a liquid
62
apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
63
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
64
orthopnea
sleep apnea; inability to breathe in horizontal position
65
emphysema
- chronic, progressive destruction of the alveoli | - part of COPD family
66
chronic bronchitis
inflamed and irritated bronchi
67
squamous cell carcinoma
- arises from epithelium of passageways | - requires long exposure to tobacco smoke or carcinogens
68
adenocarcinoma
- arises from mucus glands and alveoli | - metastasizes early
69
oat cell carcinoma
- arises from the bronchi - loosely attached - highly malignant and aggressive
70
cystic fibrosis
- genetic defect that causes abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across lung epithelium - causes buildup of thick mucus that is difficult to clear
71
asthma
- acute hypersensitive reaction that causes inflammation of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles - if the openings are swollen closed, death may occur
72
pneumonia
infection in the lungs
73
atelectasis
collapsed lung
74
pneumothorax
air in the intrapleural space
75
hypocapnia
- low CO2 levels in the blood - usually due to hyperventilation - breathing in a bag brings the CO2 level up and corrects the blood pH
76
decompression sickness
- bubbling of gases in blood as body goes from high pressure to low pressure too quickly - can obstruct vessels and cause death
77
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
- abnormal pattern of increased breathing followed by apnea | - damage to respiratory centers, heart failure, infants, travelers to high altitudes
78
pulmonary embolism
- clot that has traveled usually from a deep vein through the heart into the pulmonary circuit - presents as heavy, labored breathing, chest pains, bloody couch, rapid breathing - can cause sudden death
79
sputum
material expelled from respiratory tract
80
tracheotomy
surgical opening of trachea to provide an alternate route for air to reach lungs
81
Valsalva’s maneuver
- during abdominal strain associated w/ defecation, glottis closes to prevent exhalation and abdominal muscles contract - helps empty rectum - stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting
82
lung development and the effects of cigarette smoke
- at birth approximately 1/6 of alveoli are formed and rest develop by 20 - smoking prevents maturation and even if person quits, alveoli will never develop

A&P (9 decks)

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