Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

hormone

A
  • chemical messengers secreted by cells into extracellular fluid (endocrine system)
  • effect cells thru out the body
  • regulate metabolic functions (-) or (+)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

half life

A

amount of time it takes for half of it to be broken down in blood thru out the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

up regulation

A

increase in some metabolic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

down regulation

A

decrease in some metabolic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5 main effects a hormone can have on a cell

A
  • Activate or deactivate enzymes
  • Alter the plasma membrane
  • Affect protein synthesis
  • Affect secretory activity
  • Affect mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

protein hormone action

A
  • hormone can’t penetrate cell membrane
  • it binds to a receptor in the membrane causing an enzymatic conversion of ATP > AMP
  • stimulates a signal transduction pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

steroid hormone action

A
  • hormone passes through membrane due to its chemical nature

- it joins with an intracellular receptor then a DNA receptor protein which then activates or deactivates a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 types of hormonal release

A

hormonal, humoral, and nueral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hormonal control

A

hormone from 1 endocrine gland stimulates/inhibits hormone release in another gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

humoral control

A

hormone stimulated by blood levels of ion or other compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

neural control

A

responds to neural stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • “master gland” extends from hypothalamus
  • like a pea on a stalk
  • bi lobe: anterior and posterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland

A
  • TSH; GH
  • FSH; LH
  • ACTH; PRL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

effects growth of body, bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

follicle stimulating (FSH) / luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulate ovaries and testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

prolactin hormone (PRL)

A

stimulates milk production in mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dwarfism

A

lack of GH during childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

gigantism

A

excess of GH during childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

acromegaly

A

excess of GH during adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain physiological relationship of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus makes GHRH and GHIH that trigger release of anterior pituitary hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

2 hormones released by posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

oxytocin

A

smooth muscle contraction in uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ADH
(antidiuretic hormone) antagonist to diuretic; decrease in urine output
26
diuretics
compounds that increase urine production causing water loss; ex. caffeine and alcohol
27
diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or to the posterior pituitary; causes polyuria and polydipsia
28
prolactinoma
- most common type of pituitary tumor | - leads to menstrual disturbances in females
29
thyroid gland hormones
thyroglobulin, calcitonin | -thyroxine and triiodothyronine
30
thyroglobulin
secreted by follicle cells; binds with iodine to produce T4 and T3
31
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
T4 and T3; stimulate metabolism
32
calcitonin
- secreted by parafollicular cells; antagonizes PTH | - stimulates Ca2+ uptake into the bone, removing it from the bloodstream
33
cretinism
hypothyroidism in kids
34
myxedema
hypothyroidism in adults
35
Grave’s disease
hyperthyroidism > irregular heartbeat, weight loss, protrusion of eyeballs (exopthalamus), nervousness
36
thyroid storm
- acute hyperthyroidism due to trauma to the thyroid, TH supplement abuse, or Grave’s disease patients who have stopped treatment - dangerous increase in HR, BP, body temp, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea
37
location and function of parathyroid gland
- behind thyroid gland; humoral control - secrete PTH; responds to low blood calcium - stimulates osteoclasts
38
osteitis cystica fibrosa
severe example of hyperparathyroidism > hypercalcemia > moth-eaten bones that break spontaneously
39
hypoparathyroidism
>low blood level of PTH; leads to hypocalcemia > hyperexcitablity of neurons >tetany > loss of sensation, muscle twitches, convulsions, respiratory paralysis, death
40
location of the adrenal glands
found on top of each kidney; pyramid-shaped
41
2 anatomical divisions of the adrenal glands
cortex and medula tissue
42
adrenal cortex
- synthesizes 24+ steroid hormones; outside layer | - hormones: aldosterone, cortisol, and adrogens
43
aldosterone
Kidneys: - increase blood level of sodium - decrease blood level of potassium
44
cortisol
Body cells: - assist body to resist stressors - mobilize fats for energy metabolism - stimulate protein catabolism
45
adrogens
- not significant in males - pubic and axillary hairs in women - source of estrogen after menopause
46
3 zones of cortex
zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis
47
adrenal medula
middle layer; produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
48
epinephrine and norepinephrine
- increase heart rate and metabolic rate | - increase BP by promoting vasoconstriction
49
Cushing’s syndrome
too much cortisol > hyperglycemia, muscle and bone loss, high BP, edema due to water and salt retention
50
Addison’s disease
hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol > dehydration, low tolerance to stress
51
andrenogenital syndrome
- too much androgen secretion - in males > early maturation and aggressive sex drive - females > beard and masculination
52
pheochromocytoma
tumor of the adrenal medulla > hyperglycemia, fast HR, high BP, nervousness, sweating
53
hirsutism
excessive body hair growth due to excessive production of testosterone
54
diabetes mellitus type I
beta cells are destroyed and the person can’t make insulin (hyposecretion)
55
diabetes mellitus type II
beta cells stop producing insulin and/or the body’s cells become resistant to the insulin (hypoactivity)
56
polyuria
large urine output
57
polydipsia
excessive thirst
58
polyphagia
excessive hunger
59
gonads
produce steroid sex hormones - testes: testosterone - ovaries: estrogen and progesterone
60
main hormone released by the pineal gland
melatonin: increased secretion at night time (lack of natural light) contributes to making us sleepy
61
atrial natriuretic factor
- (ANF); secreted by specialized muscle cells in the heart - signal kidney to increase production of salty urine - increases urine output > decreases blood volume
62
enteroendocrine cells
- scattered cells in the GI tract in the mucosa | - secrete several hormones that aid in digestion in response to the presence of food
63
erythropoietin
increase RBC production in bone marrow
64
leptin
suppresses appetite
65
goiter
enlarged protruding thyroid; when myxedema results from lack of iodine
66
renin-angiotensin system
- BP/blood volume falls > kidneys release renin into blood - renin activates angiotensin: leads to vasoconstriction - increased angiotensin levels stimulate aldosterone release - aldosterone tells kidneys to hold sodium
67
location and function of the thyroid gland
wraps around anterior surface of the trachea, posterior to the laryns; bilobular, connected by an isthmus

A&P (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions