Chapter 21 Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
pathogen
A
any disease causing microorganism
2
Q
skin
A
contains keratin barrier (stratum corneum) and acidic sweat
3
Q
stomach
A
HCl and anti-microbial enzymes
4
Q
saliva
A
contains lysozyme (inhibits bacteria) and antibodies
5
Q
mucus
A
traps microbes
6
Q
phagocytes
A
engulf and destroy pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers
7
Q
natural killer cells
A
defensive cells that can kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells before adaptive immunity is activated
8
Q
interferons
A
- small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells
- tells other, uninfected cells to produce proteins that prevent infection
9
Q
complement
A
- family of 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood
- activate each other in the presence of a pathogen and amplify the inflammation response
10
Q
fever
A
- signal hypothalamus to increase body temp which speeds up repair
- induced by pyrogens, secreted by WBC’s, and macrophages in response to infection
11
Q
inflammation
A
- bodies primary/immediate response to trauma and infection
- mobilizes immune system, sets stage for repair
- 4 hallmarks: redness, heat, swelling/edema, pain
12
Q
histamine
A
- primary inflammation chemical; released by granulocytes
- causes BVs to dilate and leak
- causes redness, heat and swelling/edema for inflammation
13
Q
kinins
A
- plasma protein, also released by neutrophils
- causes BV dilation
- causes all 4 hallmarks of inflammation
14
Q
prostaglandins
A
- released by injured cells
- activate inflammation, induce fever
- causes all 4 hallmarks of inflammation
15
Q
cytokines
A
- released by WBCs
- chemicals that recruit other cells
16
Q
exudate
A
fluid that leaks from dilated vessels, contains WBCs
17
Q
edema
A
increase of fluid in extracellular matrix causing swelling
18
Q
analgesics
A
- any drug that reduces pain
- block kinins and prostaglandins
19
Q
leukocyte inducing factors
A
- secreted by injured cells
- signals bone marrow to release neutrophils
20
Q
margination and diapedesis
A
- WBCs fall out of the blood flow
- stick to the endothelium
- squeeze through endothelium
- migrate to damaged tissue
21
Q
margination
A
granulocytes cling to capillary wall
22
Q
diapedesis
A
granulocytes flatten and squeeze out of capillarie wall
23
Q
pus
A
exudate containing dead neutrophils and microbes
24
Q
abscess
A
- infection destroys tissue
- forms cavity and is walled off with collagen
- filled with pus
25
infectious granulomas
- area of inflamed tissue containing macrophages
| - tissue is unable to rid infection
26
B lymphocytes
- humoral immune response
- originate in bone marrow
- target intracellular pathogens
- mature in bone marrow
27
T lymphocytes
- cell mediated immune response
- originate in bone marrow
- target extracellular pathogens
- mature in thymus
28
thymus
- bi-lobed organ in thoracic cavity of children
- T lymphocytes proliferate
- after adolescence it involutes into fatty, fibrous tissue
29
immune system
responds to pathogens in body
30
antigen
anything that causes adaptive immune response
31
antigenic determinants
epitope; part of the antigen recognized by immune system; (the hotdog)
32
valence
number of epitopes on an antigen
33
hapten
- molecule too small to stimulate immune system
- link up w/ body’s proteins
- recognized as foreign by adaptive immunity
- ex. poison ivy, pet dander
34
antibodies and 5 types
- tags parts of antigens
- IgA, IgD
- IgE, IgG
- IgM
35
IgA
large; found in secretions
36
IgD
on B cells
37
IgE
on mast cells
38
IgG
in the blood, most abundant
39
IgM
largest; 1st Ab released in a primary immune response
40
helper T cells
- don't have cytotoxic ability themselves
| - activate and direct other immune cells
41
regulatory T cells
downregulates the immune system
42
cytotoxic T cells
directly attack and kill infected cells
43
MHC genes
- (major histocompatibility complex)
- cell surface molecule (bun for the epitope) displays protein that's either self or non-self which triggers immune system
44
natural active humoral immunity
exposed to antigen, B cells form Ig's and memory cells to fight 2nd exposure
45
artificial active humoral immunity
form Ig's and memory cells after exposure to dead or weakened pathogens
46
vaccines
dead or weakened pathogens
47
natural passive humoral immunity
- passively receive Ig's that were naturally made
| - temporary bc no memory cells formed
48
artificial passive humoral immunity
- receive Ig's from animal or non blood connected individual
- not produced in response to own antigens
49
autograft
transplant from 1 spot to another on same person
50
isograft
transplant b/n identical twins
51
allograft
transplant b/n nonidentical individuals of same species
52
xenograft
transplant from another animal species
53
congenital thymic aplasia
- thymus fails to develop
| - T cells don’t mature and aren’t functional
54
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
- lack of B and T cells
- congenital; no immune defense
- requires bone marrow/stem cell transplant
55
GVHD
- (graft vs. host disease)
| - T cells in transplant attack new host
56
AIDS
- (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
| - viral infection of helper T cells
57
hypersensitivity
abnormal immune response to harmless antigen; allergies
58
delayed hypersensitivity
- takes 1-3 days; depends on macrophages and T cells
- ex. poison ivy, TB skin test
- helped by cortisone
59
immediate hypersensitivity
- happens in minutes-hours
- caused by mast cells releasing histamines
- symptoms: asthma, hives, itching, sneezing, anaphylactic shock
- helped by antihistamines or epinephrine
60
rheumatoid arthritis
- autoimmune disease
| - attacks synovial joint tissue
61
rheumatic fever
- autoimmune disease
| - attacks heart valve tissue
62
scaradema
- autoimmune disease
- attacks CT
- build up of scar tissue
63
lupus
- autoimmune disease
- attacks DNA
- occurs primarily in women
