Chapter 1

Question 1

what are norms?

Answer 1

society’s expectations for how we are supposed to think , act, and look

Question 2

what is normative?

Answer 2

behaviours, appearances, thoughts corresponding to norms

Question 3

what is micro vs macro?

Answer 3

level of individual experiences/choices vs. level of broader social forces

Question 4

what are life chances?

Answer 4

varying opportunities people face, affected by social stratification, inequality, race, ethnicity, gender (Weber)

Question 5

what is agency?

Answer 5

ppl’s capacity to make choices, which have impact on the society in which they live

Question 6

the systematic study of society, using the sociological imagination

Answer 6

sociology

Question 7

what is the sociological imagination?

Answer 7

ability to perceive interconnections between individual experiences and larger sociocultural forces (C.W. Mills)–not just about thinking, also about action

Question 8

origins of sociology?

Answer 8

French Revolution/enlightenment; ^ size of cities, wage economy, absolute monarchy threatened, pwr of region declines while pwr of science grow

Question 9

first person to suggest that empirical research and theory shoould be used in pursuit of understanding/explaining social change and consequences

Answer 9

Auguste Comte

Question 10

trained in Economic History

Answer 10

Max Weber

Question 11

trained in philosophy

Answer 11

Karl Marx

Question 12

trained in educational thought and philosophy

Answer 12

emile durkheim

Question 13

distinct disciplines formed in 20th century, 21st century marked by:

Answer 13

post-disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity

Question 14

data collection producing verifiable findings, and is carried out by systematic procedures

Answer 14

empirical methods

Question 15

what is a theory

Answer 15

set of propositions that intend to explain a fact or phenomenon

Question 16

approach to theorizing that emphasizes explanation and prediction (objective, influenced by natural sci)

Answer 16

positivist

Question 17

an approach to theorizing that focuses on the ways ppl come to understand themselves, others, and world

Answer 17

interpretive

Question 18

an approach to theorizing focusing on role power plays in social processes and emphasizes importance of knowledge tied with emancipation

Answer 18

critical

Question 19

what is manifest function?

Answer 19

intended function of one society’s structures

Question 20

this perspective takes positivist approach, macro level view, focuses on maintaining/restoring social order, spearheaded by Emile Durkheim

Answer 20

functionalist

Question 21

what is a latent function?

Answer 21

unintended function of a society’s structure

Question 22

core assumption of functionalist perspective:

Answer 22

consensus and cooperation fundamental to maintenance of social order

Question 23

collectively shared criteria by which we determine whether something is right/wrong

Answer 23

values

Question 24

what is anomie?

Answer 24

mass feeling of normlessness, uncertainty about what rules are in an unfamiliar situation

Question 25

anomie results in __ behaviour

Answer 25

deviant

Question 26

this macro level perspective takes a critical approach, led by Karl Marx

Answer 26

conflict

Question 27

what is bourgeoisie?

Answer 27

owners of means of production

Question 28

what is proletariat?

Answer 28

ppl who work for owners of means of production

Question 29

responsibility of scholars to provide subordinated groups in society with knowledge needed to be able to end powerlessness

Answer 29

praxis

Question 30

this person challenged Marx idea of conflict driven by economy, but instead by ideology

Answer 30

Max Weber

Question 31

an interpretive approach that analyzes how we develop understanding, attributed to Mead and Blumer

Answer 31

(symbolic) interactionist perspective

Question 32

specific people who are most important to us that play significant role in our socialization

Answer 32

significant others

Question 33

what is generalized other?

Answer 33

overall sense of people's expectations

Question 34

the system of ideas and political practices based on principle that women are equal to men, a critical theory

Answer 34

feminism

Question 35

female founder of sociology

Answer 35

Harriet Martineau

Question 36

proposition by Dorothy Smith that because men and women have occupied diff positions in society they have developed diff viewpoints

Answer 36

standpoint theory

Question 37

this perspective emerged after the WW2, focus on ideas and images vs industrial

Answer 37

postmodern

Question 38

two forms of postmodernism:

Answer 38

affirmative and skeptical

Question 39

affirmative postmodernism focuses on:

Answer 39

local and specific, asking questions about knowledge

Question 40

theories exemplified by Michel Foucault, sometimes included in postmodernism, link knowledge and power

Answer 40

post-structuralism

Question 41

ways of understanding particular subject or social phenomenon

Answer 41

discourses

Question 42

what is critical thinking?

Answer 42

mode of thinking about any subject in which thinker improves quality of thinking by skilfully taking charge of structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them

Question 43

critical thinking is opposite of ___ thinkin

Answer 43

dualistic (lower-order)