Chapter 11

Question 1

actions intended to punish, prevent, correct, fix, cure people, behaviours, characteristics perceived as unacceptable

Answer 1

social control

Question 2

person who differentiates between high and low consensus deviance

Answer 2

Thio

Question 3

three views of law?

Answer 3

consensual (majority), conflict (powerful groups), interactionist (special interest groups)

Question 4

how was common law developed?

Answer 4

judges decided from individual court cases that set precedents such that future cases be treated similarly

Question 5

two main types of law:

Answer 5

private and public

Question 6

what are summary conviction offense?

Answer 6

less serious, max two years prison and/or 2000 dollar fine

Question 7

indictable conviction offence?

Answer 7

more serious, 2+ years in prison, eg. trafficking heroin, robbery, sex assault with weapon, homicide

Question 8

what are hybrid offenses?

Answer 8

moderate harm, such as forging credit card, impaired driving, failing to stop at scene of accident; can be prosecuted as either summary or indictable

Question 9

what does UCR stand for?

Answer 9

uniform crime reporting survey

Question 10

what is CSI?

Answer 10

crime severity index

Question 11

the victimization survey in Canada is called:

Answer 11

the General Social Survey

Question 12

what are victimless crimes?

Answer 12

involve consensual relations in exchange of goods or services that are illegal

Question 13

criminal offence involving misappropriation of financial resources or identity theft

Answer 13

white collar crime

Question 14

crime like false advertising, failing to comply with safety standards by organizations or knowledgeable employees

Answer 14

corporate crime

Question 15

what is retribution?

Answer 15

a morally justified consequence

Question 16

main purpose of punishment?

Answer 16

deterrence

Question 17

deterrence theory originated with ____, perspective developed by Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria

Answer 17

classical school of criminology

Question 18

according to Beccaria, for punishment to be effective in preventing crime, must be :

Answer 18

prompt, severe, certain

Question 19

what is an ombudsman?

Answer 19

a person with authority to conduct thorough, impartial, independent investigations and to make recommendations to gov orgs with respect to prob of citizens

Question 20

approach to justice emphasizing healing and reparation of harm, rebuilding relationships

Answer 20

restorative justice

Question 21

what are positivist theories?

Answer 21

focus on causes of deviant behaviours and characteristics, social control

Question 22

theories that emphasize social construction

Answer 22

interpretive and critical

Question 23

Merton developed this theory of deviance

Answer 23

classic strain theory

Question 24

classic strain theory involves ___ goals and ____ means

Answer 24

institutionalized ; legitimate

Question 25

when experiencing "strain", ppl engage in :

Answer 25

modes of adaptation

Question 26

what are diff modes of adaptation?

Answer 26

conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

Question 27

learning theory of deviance by Edwin Sutherland

Answer 27

differential association theory

Question 28

diff. association theory focuses on:

Answer 28

techniques and motives learned

Question 29

learning theory of deviance often applied today by Sykes and Matza:

Answer 29

neutralization theory

Question 30

what are techniques of neutralization?

Answer 30

rationalization allow us to justify behaviour to others and selves that facilitate or promote future deviance

Question 31

what are examples of techs of neutralization?

Answer 31

denial of injury, denial of the victim, denial of responsibility, condemning the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties

Question 32

this theory examines why we don't all engage in deviance

Answer 32

social control theory

Question 33

Hirschi's early social control theory emphasizes:

Answer 33

social bonds of attachment, commitment to conventional values, involvement, belief in norms,

Question 34

recently proposed theory by Hirschi:

Answer 34

general theory of crime/self-control theory

Question 35

this theory comes from Edwin lemert

Answer 35

labelling theory

Question 36

from a postmodern perspective, Foucalt focuses on this concept

Answer 36

self surveillance