Chapter 2

Question 1

what is a concept?

Answer 1

an abstract idea expressed as word or phrase used to categorize particular feature of social world

Question 2

what is a variable?

Answer 2

categorical concept that refers to properties of ppl or things that can differ and change over time or from situation to situation

Question 3

___reasoning starts with theories and follows a top down approach that ends with generalizations based on research findings

Answer 3

deductive

Question 4

__reasoning is bottom up, beginning with observation and ending in theory construction

Answer 4

inductive

Question 5

what are the 5 main goals of soc research?

Answer 5

explore, describe, explain, evaluate, empower

Question 6

a field method involving participants in research designed to result in practical outcomes for participants

Answer 6

participatory action research

Question 7

steps for conducting soc research

Answer 7

1) research question 2) lit review 3) narrowed focus through operationalization and hypothesis 4) research design 5) data collection 6) data analysis 7) draw conclusions 8) report findings

Question 8

what is operationalization?

Answer 8

process where variables are defined in precise manner that is measureable

Question 9

__ is consistency of measure of variable, whereas ___ is whether a measure is a good indicator of intended concept

Answer 9

reliability; validity

Question 10

a testable research statement involving at least 2 variables

Answer 10

hypothesis

Question 11

the first set of directives for human experimentation detailing consent, protect from harm, right to end participation

Answer 11

Nuremburg Code

Question 12

examples of unethical research?

Answer 12

Milgram shocks, Zimbardo prison

Question 13

what are the 3 main principles in TCPS 2?

Answer 13

respect for persons, concern for welfare, and justice

Question 14

what is the later disclosure of all relevant details in cases where research participants can’t be told everything ahead of time?

Answer 14

debriefing

Question 15

what are qualitative methods?

Answer 15

employed to better understand social phenomena using inductive reasoning and non-numerical data

Question 16

what is quantitative method?

Answer 16

employed to test hypotheses based on deductive reasoning and numerical data

Question 17

a systematic strategy for moving from specific observations to general conclusions about discourses, actions, interactions, and practices

Answer 17

grounded theory

Question 18

trustworthiness of a qualitative research process and data collected

Answer 18

rigour

Question 19

one of the main ways to achieve rigour?

Answer 19

triangulation

Question 20

what is triangulation?

Answer 20

use of multiple data gathering techniques within same study to verify and subbstantiate findings

Question 21

what is an audit trail?

Answer 21

transparent, verifiable, detailed docs outlining how research decisions made and how conclusions reached throughout research process

Question 22

a deductive research method for testing hypothesis through use of carefully controlled enviro and random assignment to condititions

Answer 22

experiment

Question 23

random assignment vs random selection

Answer 23

how participants are put into conditions of experiment, vs. how participants are obtained for use in survey research

Question 24

also called “archival analysis”, this research method is used to examine info on topic of interest that was collected or created by someone other than the researcher for unrelated purpose

Answer 24

secondary analysis of existing data

Question 25

Stats Canada now partners with postsecondary institutions to help researchers obtain access to data thru ____

Answer 25

Data Liberation Initiative

Question 26

secondary analysis technique used to systematically examine messages contained in text or portrayed in images

Answer 26

content analysis

Question 27

what is discourse analysis?

Answer 27

critical examination of the way which language is used to convey social constructions and social relations

Question 28

what is historical analysis?

Answer 28

examination and interpretations of historical forms of data

Question 29

limits of secondary analyses?

Answer 29

biased, incomplete, difficult verify accuracy of info and how variables measured/collected/coded

Question 30

fieldwork used to describe everyday behaviour in natural settings

Answer 30

ethnography

Question 31

what is systematic observation?

Answer 31

researcher directly observes social group or process but doesn't interact with the participants

Question 32

what is participant observation?

Answer 32

researcher collects systematic observations while taking part in activities of group being observed

Question 33

what is convergent design?

Answer 33

employs at least one qualitative and one quantitative method at the same time in order to compare diff perspectives as part of overall data integration