chapter 1

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

scientific study of behaviour/mental processes

Question 2

goals of psychology

Answer 2

description, explanation, prediction, influence

Question 3

theory

Answer 3

general principle or set of principles. Organizes facts systematically. Can be proven

Question 4

Basic research

Answer 4

Seeks new knowledge. Explores advances general scientific understanding. Answers goals of theory

Question 5

Applied research

Answer 5

solving practical problems.Applying research to life

Question 6

descriptive research methods

Answer 6

Naturalistic observation
laboratory observation
Case study method
survey research
correlational studies

Question 7

Naturalistic observation

Answer 7

observe/record behaviour in natural setting

no attempt to influence or control behaviour

Question 8

Laboratory observation

Answer 8

more precise equipment to measure responses. Less spontaneity of behaviour

Question 9

Case study method

Answer 9

interviews/observations. Can’t establish cause of disorders. in depth study overtime

Question 10

survey research

Answer 10

use interviews/questionnaire. Obtain specific information about groups.Show changes of attitudes/behaviours overtime.

Question 11

interviews

Answer 11

personal characteristics can influence outcome. Subconsciously change answers. To avoid bias need outsider to conduct.

Question 12

correlational studies

Answer 12

can’t determine cause just relationship. useful in making predictions. establish relationship correlational between 2 characteristics.

Question 13

correlational coefficient

Answer 13

indicates degree and direction of relationship between 2 variables.
+1.00 perfect + correlational
-1.00 perfect - correlational
anything less than 80 % not usually strong

Question 14

correlational predication

Answer 14

stronger relationship = better prediction. correlational does not equal cause.

Question 15

experimental method

Answer 15

searching for cause. will give cause and effect. Test hypothesis (educated guess)

Question 16

independent variable

Answer 16

manipulated to determine if causing change in behaviour or condition

Question 17

Dependent variable

Answer 17

measured at end of experiment

varies at IV manipulated

Question 18

experimental group

Answer 18

participants exposed to IV

Question 19

control group

Answer 19

exposed to same environment as experimental group but not given IV treatments used for comparison

Question 20

selectional bias

Answer 20

systematic differences among groups present at beginning of experiment. Solution random assignment (random participants assigned)

Question 21

experimenter bias

Answer 21

preconceived expectations influence participants behaviour or interpretation of results. Solution double blind ( unknown who is in treatment or control group)

Question 22

Placebo effect

Answer 22

response to treatment due to expectations rather than treatment. Inert substance (sugar pill, saline solution)

Question 23

population
sample
representative sample

Answer 23

population = entire group of interest
sample = portion of population studied
rs =  subgroups in same proportion as population

Question 24

founder of psychology

Answer 24

willhelm wundt
Lab in Lipzeig Germany 1879
searching for structure of conscience experience

Question 25

Edward bradford tichtener

Answer 25

introduced psychology to north america. came up with structuralism.

Question 26

Structuralism

Answer 26

analyze basic structure of conscious mental experience

Question 27

Functionalism

Answer 27

Strong impact from Charles Darwin's book (Origins of species by means of natural selection. Broadened scope of psychology to include study of behaviour and mental processes

Question 28

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 28

Leader was Max Wertheimer. Introduced famous experiment of phi phenomenon. Influence the psychology of perception today.

Question 29

Behaviourism

Answer 29

John.B Watson observable/ measureable behaviour environmental factors determine behvaiour B.F skinner operant or deliberate conditioning criticism ignores mental processes thoughts, feelings

Question 30

Psychoanalysis

Answer 30

Sigmund Freud unseen, unconscious, mental forces key to understanding human behaviour psychoanalysis and iceberg theory CONTROVERSY emphasis on sexual and aggressive impulses

Question 31

Humanistic psychology

Answer 31

uniqueness, health, growth, Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and self-actualization Carl Rogers- person centered therapy

Question 32

Cognitive psychology

Answer 32

Mental processes: memory, problem solving, concept formation, reasoning, decision making, language parellele processing PET scans

Question 33

Biological perspective | (current)

Answer 33

Brain, central nervous system, neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, genes Neuroscience study of brain functioning

Question 34

Evolutionary perspective | (current)

Answer 34

Humans evolved and adapted to survive | adaptation of mind is not at same pace as social circumstances

Question 35

Sociocultural perspective | (current)

Answer 35

social and cultural influences on human behaviour | importance of understanding influences when interpreting behaviours of others