Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

psychology 104 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Afferent neurons

(sensory)

A

relay messages from sense organs, receptors to brain or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Efferent neurons

motor

A

signals from the brain, spinal cord to glands, muscles movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

interneurons

A

thousand times more neurons than motor or sensory neurons
carry information
transmits between neurons in brain and neurons in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 parts of neuron

A

cell body: contains nucleus, carries out metabolic function
Dendrites: branch like extensions of neuron receive signal from other neurons
Axon: transmits signals to other parts of neurons and muscles, glands, other body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glial cells

A

hold neurons together
remove dead neurons
make myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

synaptic clefts

A

gaps between axon terminals

fluid filled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

synapse

A

axon terminal of sending neuron communicates with receiving neuron across synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

resting potential

neural impulse

A

neuron firing
inside axon normally more - than +
at rest neurons carry negative electrical potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

action potential

neural impulse

A

neuron is stimulated positive ions flow into axon
changes to positive value
sudden brief reversal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

all or none law
white fatty coating around some axons
impulses up to 100 times faster along axons with myelin sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

receptor sites

neurotransmitters

A

sites on dendrite or cell body of neuron

interacts with neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reuptake

neurotransimtter

A

Neurotransmitter taken from synaptic cleft into axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

neurotransmitter

A

Excitatory or inhibtory

excites skeletal muscle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dopamine (DA)

monoamine transimtter

A

ability to feel pleasure or fear

learning, attention, movement, reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

monoamine transmitter

A

eating habits, alertness

involved in mood regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

epinephrine ( adrenalin)

monoamine transmitter

A

completes NE

affects metabolism of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Serotonin

monoamine transmitter

A

inhibitory

mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, appetite, depression, anxiety disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glutamate (glutamic acid)

Amino acid neurotransmitter

A

excitatory

active in higher brain structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

amino acid neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory
widely distributed throughout CNS
controls anxiety in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Endorphins

neurotransmitter

A

opiate like substance
relief from pain or stress of vigorous exercise
produce feelings of pleasure and well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 parts of nervous system

A 
central nervous system (CNS)
brain
spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
connects CNS to all other parts of body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spinal cord

A

extension of brain
links body with brain
transmits info from brain to PNS and PNS to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Brainstem

A

begins at site where spinal cord enlarges as it enters skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Medulla

A

1 of 3 major structures
controls automatic function
ex. heart beat, breathing, blood pressure, coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Reticular formation
2 of 3 major structures AKA Reticular activating system (RAS) regulates arousal and attention screens messages entering the brain
26
Pons (bridges)
3 of 3 major structures connects left and right cerebellum plays role in movement, sleep, dreaming
27
Cerebellum
means little cerebrum contains 2 hemispheres executes smooth, skilled body movement regulates muscle tone and posture
28
Thalamus
relay station for info flowing into and out of higher brain centre learn new and verbal info regulates sleep cycle
29
Hypothalamus
regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour, emotional behaviours regulates body temp regulates our biological clock
30
Amygdala
part of limbic system associations between external events and emotions learned fear responses responds to aversive stimuli
31
Hippocampus
part of limbic system | LTM navigational maps
32
Cerebrum
part of cerebral hemispheres | two cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
33
Corpus Callosum
part of hemispheres thick band of nerve fibres transfer of info and coordination between the 2 hemispheres
34
cerebral cortex
covers cerebral hemispheres higher mental processes language, memory, thinking
35
cortex
grey matter
36
frontal lobe
controls moving, speaking, thinking | contains motor cortex brocas areas frontal association area
37
motor cortex
controls voluntary body movement Wilder Penfields homunculus map plasticity can adapt to changes
38
brocca's area
``` frontal lobe left hemi controls speech sounds injury = brocca's aphasia understand language ```
39
frontal association areas
thinking, motivation, future planning, impulse control, emotional responses, ex. Phineas Gage
40
Parietal Lobes
touch reception of touch stimuli lobes contain somatosensory cortex
41
Somatosensory cortex
touch, pressure, temperature, heat register in this cortex | awareness of body movements and position
42
occipital lobe
sight contain primary visual cortex involved in reception and interpretation of visual information
43
primary visual cortex
area at back of occipital lobe | vision registers in cortex
44
temporal lobes
hearing | lobes contain primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area (left lobe) and association areas
45
primary auditory cortex
where hearing registers in cortex | injury = damage to hearing
46
Lateralization
specialization of cerebral hemisphere
47
Left hemisphere
language and mathematics controls right side of body coordinates complex movements
48
Right hemisphere
``` visual-spatial relations controls left side of body how we hear language creativity and intuition recognizing and expressing emotion ```
49
split brain
performed in severe cases of epilepsy corpus callosum is cut lessens severity and frequency of seizures
50
brain lifespan
grows in spurts gains and loses synapses through life brain weight declines around age 30
51
brain damage
Hippocampus can regenerate neurons damaged neurons can sprout new dendrites axons can regenerate and grow reorganization of brain= plasticity or neuroplasticity
52
EEG
electroencephalogram record of brainwave activity | measures 4 types of waves (beta, alpha, theta, delta)
53
Microelectrode
tiny wire, can be inserted into a single neuron
54
4 types of waves
``` beta= mental or physical activity (13 or more cycles per second) alpha= deep relaxation (8 to 12 cycles per second) Theta= light sleep (just before deep sleep) delta= slow wave sleep (1-3 cycles per second) ```
55
CT scan
computerized axial tomography | computerized cross-sectional images of brain structure
56
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging | cleaner more detailed images of brain than CT scan
57
PET scan
positron emission tomography | map patterns of blood flow, oxygen and glucose use
58
SQUID
superconducting quantum interference device | magnetic changes in electric current that neurons discharge
59
MEG
magnetoencephalography | neural activity in brain as it happens
60
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
nerves connect CNS to body sends info to other prats of body divided into somatic and autonomtic
61
SNS(somatic nervous system)
voluntary muscle control sense receptors to CNS motor nerves from CNS to skeletal muscles
62
ANS(autonomic nervous system)
automatic and involuntary | CNS messages to glands, cardiac(heart) muscle, and smooth muscles
63
Sympathetic nervous system
stress system
64
parasympathetic nervous system
relaxation system
65
endocrine system
series of ductless glands in the body | manufactures secretes hormones
66
Hormones
released in one part of the body | affects other parts of the body
67
pituitary gland
master gland controlled by hypothalamus releases hormones that activates other glands
68
thyroid gland
in front lower part of neck below voice box produces hormone thyroxine regulates food metabolism
69
adrenal glands
``` 2 above kidneys produces epinephrine and norepinephrine activates sympathetic nervous system releases corticoids to control salt balance releases sex hormones ```
70
pancreas
regulates blood sugar levels | releases insulin and glucagon into bloodstream
71
sex glands (Gonads)
ovaries and testes activated by pituitary gland gonads release sex hormones for reproduction

psychology 104 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions