chapter 4

Question 1

circadian rhythms

Answer 1

controlled by brain
within 24 hr period high to low points of bodily functions 
ex. hormones
2-7 am alertness drops
2-5pm alertness drops
4-5am when body temp is the lowest 
5-8 highest body temp 37

Question 2

ultradian rhythm

Answer 2

biological patterns that occur more than once a day

ex. hunger, eye blinks

Question 3

Infradian rhythm

Answer 3

exceeds 24 hr

ex. menstrual cycle

Question 4

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 4

tiny piece of brain in hypothalamus
acts as biological clock
acts on centre of brain by signalling pineal gland
affected by travel, alarm

Question 5

Jet Lag

Answer 5

Biological clock synchronized with usual time, not new one

chronic jet lag can produce memory deficits

Question 6

Shift Work

Answer 6

rotating shifts and irregular schedule most common

Question 7

Subjective night

Answer 7

energy/ efficiency levels are low
biological clock says sleep
slower reaction time

Question 8

NREM sleep

Answer 8

no rapid eye movement
quiet sleep
heart rate and respiration slow
little body movement

Question 9

REM

Answer 9

rapid eye movement 
active sleep
20-25% of adult sleep 
intense brain activity and brain temp increases
large muscles become paralyzed
heart rate rises and respiration faster

Question 10

Larks 25% of people

Answer 10

body temp rise 7:30 pm early to bed

more difficulty with night shifts

Question 11

Owls 25% of people

Answer 11

Body temp rises gradually through the day drops late in evening

Question 12

REM dreams

Answer 12

vivd dreams
continuous during each REM period
more emotional

Question 13

NREM dreams

Answer 13

mental activity during NREM sleep

more thought like in quality

Question 14

short sleepers

Answer 14

20% of population

less than 6 hours of sleep

Question 15

long sleepers

Answer 15

10% of population

more than 9 hours of sleep

Question 16

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

Answer 16

eyes open blank stare

shuffle poor coordination, speech is unintelligible

Question 17

sleep terror

Answer 17

often begins with piercing scream

panic lasts 5-15min

Question 18

Nightmares

Answer 18

frightening dreams during REM sleep

anxiety, fever, drug withdrawal

Question 19

sleep talking (somniloquoy)

Answer 19

occurs during any sleep stage
more frequent in children
mumble no talking or responding

Question 20

Narcolepsy

Answer 20

incurable sleep disorder
excessive daytime sleepiness
uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep

Question 21

Sleep Apnea

Answer 21

sleep periods when breathing stops
individual must awaken briefly to breathe
alcohol and drug use aggreviate

Question 22

Insomnia

Answer 22

difficulty falling and staying asleep
sleep is light, restless or poor quality
13.4% of canadians over age of 15

Question 23

Meditation

Answer 23

focus attention on object breathing body movement to block out all distractions
altered state of consciousness
helps individuals with depression
yoga, zen, transcendent meditation

Question 24

Hypnosis

Answer 24

trance like state of concentrated and focused attention
heightened suggestibility diminished response to external stimuli
suspend usual rational and logical ways of thinking

Question 25

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 25

alter normal mental functioning mood, perception, and thought some legal, most not controlled substances used medically trigger dopamine

Question 26

drug dependence

Answer 26

physical drug dependence compulsive pattern user develops tolerance unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

Question 27

Drug tolerance

Answer 27

user progressively less affected larger doses necessary to achieve some effect larger doses necessary to maintain some effects 4 factors

Question 28

stimulants (uppers)

Answer 28

``` speed up CNS suppress appetite feel more awake legal stimulations caffeine nicotine controlled stimulants amphetamines illegal stimulants cocaine ```

Question 29

Amphetamines (stimulants)

Answer 29

``` increases arousal relieves fatigue suppress appetite gives energy more 100g gives bad effects withdrawals exhausted depression hunger overdoses hemorages ```

Question 30

cocaine (stimulant)

Answer 30

``` from coca leaves euphoria then crash reward system don't function normally withdrawal wanting to do more to feel pleasure raises blood pressure ```

Question 31

Hallucinogens

Answer 31

pyschedelics alter perception and mood can cause hallucinations enhance mood you're in

Question 32

LSD

Answer 32

trips 10-12 hrs vivd hallucinations and distortions flashback= recurrence of trip

Question 33

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Answer 33

designer drug joyous state can impair cognitive functions (memory, talking, self control, analytic thought

Question 34

Marijuana

Answer 34

relaxation and giddiness perceptions distortions and hallucinations THC 13 main pyschoactive

Question 35

Depressants (downers)

Answer 35

decrease activity CNS slow down bodily functions reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation

Question 36

Alcohol

Answer 36

``` relaxes than depresses CNS CNS depressant used as sedative sleeping pills minor tranquilizers impair memory ```

Question 37

Narcotics

Answer 37

``` opium poppy (morphine, codeine) means stupor relieves pain : calming effect Heroin highly addictive narcotic derived from morphine withdrawal comes quick obstructs bowels ```

Question 38

Drugs effect the brain

Answer 38

increase neurotransmitters dopamine after nucleus accumbers in brain limbic system role in reinforcement and reward consequence of addiction in life