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psychology 104 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

senses detect visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli

transmits stimuli to brain

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2
Q

perception

A

sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by brain

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3
Q

absolute threshold

A

difference between not being able to perceive it and being able to perceive it
minimum amount of sensory stimulation detected 50% of the time
hearing music means the threshold has been crossed

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4
Q

difference threshold

A

measure of smallest increase/decrease in physical stimulus required to produce JND
JND (just noticeable difference) smallest change in sensation detected 50% of the time

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5
Q

Weber’s law

A

Ernst Weber came up with this 150 years ago
States JND depends on percentage change in stimulus
Greater original stimulus more increase needed for JND

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

noticing stimulus against background noise and deciding if stimulus is really there

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7
Q

sensory receptors

A

detect, respond to one type of stimuli

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8
Q

Transduction

A

sensory receptors change sensory stimulation into neural impulses

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9
Q

Sensory adaption

A

become less sensitive to unchanging sensory stimulus over time

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10
Q

photons

A

tiny light particles that travel in waves
majority of these waves too long/short for animals/humans to see
our eyes respond to visible spectrum

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11
Q

Cornea

A

tough, transparent, protective layer covering front of eye, bends light rays inwards through pupil.

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12
Q

pupil

A

small dark opening in middle of eye

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13
Q

Iris

A

coloured part of eye

muscles dilate and contract pupil through reflex

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14
Q

Lens

A

lots of thin layers and it is clear disc
flattens while focusing on distant objects
bulges in centre while focusing on close objects

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15
Q

accommodation

A

flattening and bulging motion

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16
Q

Lens to retina

A

lens focuses images onto retina a thin membrane
contains sensory receptors for vision
image projected onto retina is upside down and reversed left to right

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17
Q

Nearsightedness (myopia)

A

distance through eyeball are too short or too long

see nearby objects clearly distant images blurry

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18
Q

Farsightedness (hyperopia)

A

focal image longer than eye can handle
acts as if image should focus behind retina
see distant objects clearly close objects blurry

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19
Q

Rods

A

light sensitive receptors in retina
responds to white and black
encode in shades of grey

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20
Q

cones

A

receptor cells in retina
help see colour and fine detail
don’t function in very dim light

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21
Q

Fovea

retina to brain

A

small area of retina clearest point of vision
largest concentration of cones
change light rays into neural impulses
impulses transmitted to bipolar, amacrine, horizontal cells, then ganglion cells
ganglion cells bundle into cable leaving retinal wall on way to brain

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22
Q

blind spot

A

where cable runs through retinal wall

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23
Q

optic nerve

A

after cable leaves retinal wall

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24
Q

optic chiasm

A

optic nerves from both eyes come together, nerve fibres cross to opposite sides of brain
helps depth perception

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25
feature detectors
certain neurons in brain only responds to specific visual patterns lines or angles coded at birth to make unique responses
26
hue
colour we see (red,blue,green)
27
saturation
purity of colour
28
brightness
intensity of light energy we perceive
29
Trichromatic theory
3 types of cones in retina each type makes it maximum chemical responses to blue red green theory consistent with what happens with cones
30
opponent-process theory
3 classes of cells red/green yellow/blue black/white increase/decrease firing rate when different colours are present
31
negative afterimage
use opponent process pairs | stare at one colour brain will give sensation of opposite colour on white surface
32
colour processing
starts at level of retina continues through bipolar and ganglion cells completed in colour detectors in visual cortex
33
colour blindness
inability to distinguish certain colours 8% males 1% females' males main issue diff between red and green genes for colour vision are carried in x chromosome
34
frequency
hertz | number of cycles completed by sound wave in one second
35
amplitude
(Db) loudness of sound caused by force or pressure with which air molecules move
36
Timbre
distinct quality of sound distinguishing it from other sounds of same pitch and loudness
37
Pinna | outerear
visible curved flap of cartilage and skin
38
auditory canal
2.5 cm long lined with hairs | leads to eardrum
39
eardrum | tympanic membrane
thin flexible membrane about 1 cm in diametre moves in response to sound waves
40
Ossicles | middle ear
3 smallest bones in body amplify sound 22 times hammer, anvil, stirrup, link eardrum to oval window
41
Cochlea | inner ear
fluid filled, snail shaped bony chamber stirrups push against oval window vibrations move cochlear fluid in waves waves move basilar membrane cell hair produce electrical impulse transmitted to brain
42
Place theory
we hear individual pitches | cant explain how we can perceive frequencies below 150 hertz
43
frequency theory
500 hz tone stimulates hair cells to vibrate 500 times per second not valid for high frequencies cannot fire more than 1000 times per second
44
conductive hearing loss
soundwaves cannot be conducted to cochlea hearing aid can by pass middle ear uses bone conduction to reach cochlea
45
sensorineural hearing loss
damage to cochlea or auditory nerve hearing aids can help if damage to cochlea is too severe hearing aids no help if damage to auditory nerve
46
olfaction
sensation of smell a chemical sense
47
olfactory epithelium
patch at tissue at top of each nasal cavity | contains 10 million smell receptor cells
48
olfactory bulbs
2 matchstick sized structures above nasal cavities smell sensations first register in brain messages from this relayed to different parts of brain
49
pheromones
chemicals excreted by animals/humans | elicits certain behaviour patterns
50
Gustation
sense of taste 4 basic tastes bitter, sweet, salty, sour umamii 5 th taste response to glutamate found in protein rich foods like cheese, meat
51
flavour
sensory experience of taste, smell, touch, much of taste is smell brain perceives 2 distinctive flavours present in sweet and sour very differently
52
taste buds
``` small bumps called papillae 4 types of papillae 3 types of papillae have taste buds each taste bud has 60 to 100 receptor cells continually replaced ```
53
non tasters
reduced ability to taste smallest number of taste buds per square cm (96)
54
medium tasters
nearly twice as many taste buds (184)
55
supertasters
more than 4x as many taste buds (425)
56
mechanism of touch
nerve endings send touch message through nerve connections to spinal cord
57
Gate control theory
pain signals can be transmitted or inhibited by "gate" in spinal cord
58
Endorphins
block pain and produce feelings of well-being
59
acupuncture
relieves stress by stimulating release of endorphins
60
kinesthetic sense
feedback about movement and position of various body parts
61
vestibular sense
detects movement | provides info about body's orientation in space
62
semicircular canals
senses rotation of head when turning head side to side | signals changes in motion or orientation
63
Gestallt
german word that means form pattern a figure we see
64
figure ground principle
principle of perceptual organization | visual field perceived in terms of object against background
65
perceptual constancy
view people from different angles, distances, lighting conditions
66
size constancy
see same size regardless of changes in retinal image
67
shape constancy
see stable or unchanging shape regardless of differences in viewing angle
68
brightness constancy
see same brightness regardless of differences in lightning conditions
69
colour constancy
see same colour under different conditions of illumination
70
convergence | BINOCULAR
eyes turn inward while focusing nearby objects | closer object greater convergence
71
binocular disparity AKA retinal disparity | binocular
difference between 2 retinal images | cues for depth and balance
72
binocular depth cues
cues from both eyes
73
monocular depth cues
cues from one eye
74
interposition | monocular
perceive partially blocked object as farther away
75
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge into distance
76
relative size
larger objects perceived as closer to viewer, smaller objects as farther away
77
texture gradient | monocular depth cue
nearby objects appear to have sharply defined textures similar objects appear smoother appear fuzzier the farther away
78
Atmospheric perspective | monocular depth cue
distant objects have blue tint | distant objects blurrier than close objects
79
Shadow/shading | monocular depth cue
distinguish bulges from indentations by shadows
80
motion parallax | monocular depth cue
look out side of window objects appear to be moving in opposite direction objects seem to be moving at different speeds
81
real motion
movements of objects through space
82
apparent motion
psychological
83
autokinetic illusion
stare at single unmoving light in dark room appears to move
84
phi phenomenon
(strobescopic) neon lights flashing looks like movement
85
ambiguous figures
2 different objects | figures seen alternately
86
impossible figures
parts appear to be 2 different places at same time
87
illusions
false perception or misperception of actual stimulus in environment
88
bottom up processing
information transmitted to areas of brain then combined ,assembled into whole pattern person perceives ex. deciphering doctors writing
89
top down processing
past experience, knowledge of context plays role in forming perceptions we perceive more than sum of individual elements taken in by sensory ex. pharmacist can decipher your doctors prescription and fill it
90
perceptual set
expectations affect perceptions
91
attention
process of sorting sensations and selecting some into further processing inattentional blindness = failure to notice changes in objects if not directly paying attention

psychology 104 (6 decks)

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