chapter 5

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

simplest form of learning
any event or object in environment to which an organism responds
ex. sound, light, touch

Question 2

Ivon Pavlov

Answer 2

Russian institute 1891 to 1936
studied conditional reflex in clogs
involuntary response (salivation) association with sights , sounds of feeding

Question 3

unconditioned reflex

Answer 3

involuntary response to stimulus

eye blink to air

Question 4

neural stimulus

Answer 4

no response when presented to unconditioned response

automatic unlearned response made to conditioned stimulus, produced unlearned response

Question 5

conditional response

Answer 5

learned response made to conditioned stimulus

Question 6

extinction

Answer 6

weakening of learned response
eventual disappearance of learned response
CS repeatedly presented with at CS

Question 7

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

something occurs after extinction
conditioned response reappear
occurs when conditioned stimulus

Question 8

generalization

Answer 8

classical conditioning : conditional response to stimulus similar to that of

Question 9

Discrimination

Answer 9

conditioned response
occurs to originally conditioned stimulus
learned ability to distinguish

Question 10

Watson + Little Albert

Answer 10

1919 fear can be classically conditioned
conditioned baby albert to fear white rat
little albert learned to fear other white and furry things

Question 11

Mary Cover Jones+ Peter

Answer 11

watson partner

removed fear from little albert

Question 12

Contemporary views

Answer 12

cognitive perspective 
Biological predisposition
fear response
drug use
advertising
sexual arousal

Question 13

cognitive perspective

Answer 13

Does CS enable prediction of US

Question 14

Biological predisposition

Answer 14

humans fear stimuli that can harm
survival response : taste aversion
degree to which genes prepare animals + humans to acquire or resist classically conditioned response

Question 15

fear responses

Answer 15

fears and phobias largely result from classical conditioning

Question 16

drug use

Answer 16

environmental cues associated with drug use can become CS
can produce CR of drug craving
need higher

Question 17

drug use

Answer 17

environmental cues associated with drug use can become CS
can produce CR of drug craving
need higher dosages for effects cause build tolerance
cues initiating protective mechanisms not present when same doses are taken in unfamiliar places (leads to overdosing

Question 18

Advertising

Answer 18

pair products with people and thing we like leads us to classical conditioning

Question 19

Sexual Arousal

Answer 19

environmental cues (places, smells, clothing)
can become associated with experience
can have role in experiences

Question 20

Shaping

Answer 20

reinforcement any movement towards desired response
skinner box ; cumulate recorder
shaping = rewarding successive approximative toward desired response

Question 21

B.F skinner

Answer 21

box

everytime rats hit bar they got a treat

Question 22

Superstitions behaviour

Answer 22

individual believes connection exists between act and consequences
no relationship between act and consequence
gambling,

Question 23

Generalization

Answer 23

response made to reinforcer similar to one conditioning original response

Question 24

Discrimination

Answer 24

learning to distinguish between stimulus reinforced and other similar stimuli
pigeon rewarded for pecking only yellow disk (discriminate stimulus)

Question 25

reinforcement positive

Answer 25

pleasant or desireable

Question 26

reinforcement consequences

Answer 26

increases probability of response to occur again if applied after response

Question 27

reinforcement negative

Answer 27

behaviour likely to occur again because followed by ending aversive condition

Question 28

Primary reinforces

Answer 28

fulfill physical need for survival do not depend on learning food water sleep sex

Question 29

secondary reinforces

Answer 29

acquired or learned by association with other reinforcers money praise grades awards

Question 30

continuous reinforcement

Answer 30

reinforce every correct response | most effective way to condition new responses

Question 31

partial reinforcement

Answer 31

portion of correct responses are reinforced | schedules of reinforcement

Question 32

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 32

reinforcement given after fixed number of correct responses

Question 33

variable ratio schedule

Answer 33

reinforcement after varying number of correct responses

Question 34

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 34

reinforcement given after specific time interval passed

Question 35

Variable interval schedule

Answer 35

reinforcement after varying amounts of time

Question 36

Factors in operant conditioning

Answer 36

magnitude of reinforcement immediacy of reinforcement level of motivation of learner

Question 37

Punishment

Answer 37

``` removal of pleasant stimulus application of unpleasant stimulus both tied to suppress a response most effective during misbehaviour or asap after should not be done in anger apply consistency minimum necessary to suppress behaviour ```

Question 38

Escape learning

Answer 38

behaviour terminates aversive event

Question 39

avoidance learning

Answer 39

avoid events or conditions associated with dreaded or aversive outcomes drinking and driving associated with car accidents and death

Question 40

Learned helplessness

Answer 40

passive resignation to aversive conditioning repeated exposure to aversive inescapable unavoidable events learner does not try to change escape avoid aversive condition learn to stand helplessly and suffer punishment

Question 41

comparing classical and operant conditioning

Answer 41

generalization discrimination extinction spontaneous recovery

Question 42

behaviour modification

Answer 42

changing behaviour through systematic program based on principles of learning

Question 43

Token economy

Answer 43

motivates socially desirable behaviour by reinforcing with tokens tokens can be exchanged for desired items by priviledges

Question 44

Observation learning

Answer 44

cognitive processes mental processes thinking knowing | learning by observation and imitation behaviour

Question 45

model/ modeling

Answer 45

person who demonstrates behaviour or whose behaviour is imitated

Question 46

observational learning

Answer 46

bobo doll