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psychology 104 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

mental processes involved in acquiring storing retrieving and using info

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2
Q

imagery

A

represent picture a sensory experience in ones mind

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3
Q

concepts

A

label representing class or group of objects people or events sharing common characteristics or attributes

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4
Q

concept formation

A 
from formal definition of concept 
memorizing concepts common features 
experiences with (+) and (-) instances of concept 
through use of prototypes 
through use of examples
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5
Q

prototype

A

example that embodies most common features of particular concept

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6
Q

examplar

A

individual instances of concept stored in memory from experience

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7
Q

systematic decision making

A

examining all possible alternating choosing more beneficial

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8
Q

elimination by aspects

A

eliminate by aspects that do not match each factor

choose remaining alternative

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9
Q

available heuristics

A

based on new situation resembling a familiar one

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10
Q

representative heuristics

A

based on new situation resembling familiar one

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11
Q

recognition heuristics

A

decisions terminate as soon as factor moving to decision recognized

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12
Q

framing

A

information emphasizes potential gain or loss

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13
Q

Intuition

A

gut feelings or instincts

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14
Q

anchoring

A

focusing on single factor magnifies importance of factor relevant to factors

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15
Q

trial + error

A

try one solution after another

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16
Q

analogy heuristic

A 
comparing problem to others from past 
working backwards (backwards search) start with problem solution and backward through problem
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17
Q

means end analysis

A

current position is compared with desired goal; close gap between 2 positions

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18
Q

algorithm

A

systematic step by step procedure guarantees solution to problem of certain type if executed properly

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19
Q

functional fixedness

A

failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems

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20
Q

mental set

A

mental rut in solving problems

continual using same old method even if another approach is better

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21
Q

creativity

A

produce original appropriate valuable ideas solutions to problem

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22
Q

divergent thinking

A

produce multiple ideas answers
solutions to problem
novel ideas involving combinations and synthesis

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23
Q

Language

A

thoughts feelings via system of social shared orbituary symbols of language translated into meaning

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24
Q

psycholinguistics

A

how language acquired produced, used

how sound and symbols of language translated into meaning

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25
phonememes
smallest unit of sound
26
Morphememes
smallest unit of meaning
27
syntax
rules for arranging and combination words to form phrases and sentences
28
semantics
meaning derived from morphemes
29
words sentences
surface structure= literal words written spoken signed
30
deep structure
underlying meaning of sentence
31
pregmatics
characteristics of spoken language
32
cooing
begins around 2-3 months | vowel sounds like "ah and "ooh"
33
babbling
around 6 months | phonemems such as "ma-ma-ma" and "ba-ba-ba"
34
Holophrases
one word sentence
35
overextension
apply toward to broaden range of subjects than appropriate
36
underextension
foul to apply word to other member of class
37
2 word stage + telographic speech
18-20 months | vocab about 50 words
38
telographic speech
short sentences follow rigid word order
39
overregularization
innapropriate applying grammaticle rules for forms plurals and past tenses to irregular
40
learning theory
B.F Skinner | language shaped via rewards
41
Navist position
Noam Chomsky language acquisition device (LAD) Innate fixed order of learning universal
42
Interactionist perspective
importance of learning and inborn capacities for acquiring language learn concrete language expressions they imitate child directed speech
43
bilingual
fluent in 2 languages
44
multilingual
fluent in many languages
45
subtractive bilingualism
one language detracts from acquisition of other
46
Animal language
teaching chimpanzees to speak since 1933 ASL used to teach Washoe the chimp chimp sarah learned david Premacks artificial language via operant conditioning
47
Linguistic relativity hypothesis benjamin whart
stated spoken language determines thoughts elenor roschs showed no significant differences between language and thought language and thought mutually support
48
Charles Spearman
observed people bright in one area are usually bright in other areas also
49
Louis Thurnstone
seven primary mental abilities all intellectual activities involved one or more primary mental abilities single IQ scores obscured more than it is revealed
50
JP Guilford
structure of intellect 3 dimensions mental operations, contents, products memory recording and memory retention
51
Gardners 8 multiple intelligences
Linguistic logical/mathematical spatial bodily kinesthetic
52
componential intelligence
mental abilities closely related to sucess on conventional IQ and achievement tests
53
Experimental intelligence
encompasses creativity | encompasses insight
54
cartextial intelligence
street smart adapt well to environment change environment to improve success find new environment
55
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
Binet: children with mental age of 2 years below chronological age were disabled Stern: IQ divide mental age by chronological age Termon: and multiply by 100
56
Intelligence testing
Norms: standards based on scores of many Stanford: Binet Intelligence test= individually administered IQ test ages 2 to 23 Deviator score compare individuals score with those of same age or whom test norm were formed
57
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
yields seperate verbal and performance IQ scores | overall IQ score
58
reliability
same score each time test is taken
59
validity
test measures what it should
60
standardization
establishing norms by which all scores are interpreted
61
Termans study of gifted people
longitudinal study ended myth that mentally superior people physically inferior his people had better mental health more likely to be
62
Intellectual disability
approximately 2-3 % of canadians deficits in intellectual and adaptive functions mainstreaming = educating students in regular schools and classrooms
63
behavioural genetics
relative effects of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) on behaviour and ability
64
Twin Study Method
study resemblance of identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins
65
Heritability
degree characteristics is influenced by heredity
66
Adoption study method
study identical twins seperated at birth and raised apart when seperated the twins have similar traits heredity is major when seperated twins differ in traits environment is major
67
emotional intelligence (EI)
ability to apply knowledge about emotions to everyday life unrelated to IQ score correlated with both academic and social success
68
personal components of EI
foundation of EI= self knowledge awareness of emotions ability to manage emotions self motivation
69
Interpersonal components of EI
empathy and ability to handle relationships capacity to manage relationships optimism and belief that trying harder after failure will lead to future success

psychology 104 (6 decks)

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