Chapter 1 Celluar Function

Question 1

In regard to a disease, a condition that is short term in nature, occurring and resolving quickly

Answer 1

Acute

Question 2

(Of a disease or disorder) persisting for a long period, often for the remainder of the persons lifetime

Answer 2

Chronic

Question 3

Identification of disease

Answer 3

Diagnosis

Question 4

A condition of abnormal vital function involving any structure, part, or system of an organism.
A specific illness or disorder characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms attributable to hereditary, infection, diet or environment.

Answer 4

Disease

Question 5

Increasing cases of a disease in a group

Answer 5

Epidemic

Question 6

The study of all factors that may be involved in the development of a disease, including the susceptibility of the patient, the nature of the disease agent, and the way in the patients body is invaded by the agent. The cause of the disease

Answer 6

Etiology

Question 7

Transmitted before birth

The transmission of characteristics from parents to child

Answer 7

Hereditary

Question 8

The clinical effects or evidence of a disease. Manifestations may include both signs (what can be seen or measured) and symptoms (what the patient describes)

Answer 8

Manifestations

Question 9

The disease rate within a group

Answer 9

Morbidity

Question 10

The condition of being subject to death. The death rate, which reflects the number of deaths per unit of population in any specific region, age group, disease, or other classification, usually expressed as deaths per 1000, 10,000, or 100,000

Answer 10

Mortality

Question 11

An epidemic that has spread to a larger population

Answer 11

Pandemic

Question 12

The study of the biological and physical manifestations of disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.

Answer 12

Pathophysiology

Question 13

Does not deal directly with the treatment of disease. Rather, it explains the processes within the body that results in the signs and symptoms of a disease

Answer 13

Pathophysiology

Question 14

Clinical manifestations that can be seen or measured

Answer 14

Signs

Question 15

Subjective indications of a disease or a change in condition as perceived by the patient

Answer 15

Symptoms

Question 16

Strategies used to manage or cure a disease

Answer 16

Treatment

Question 17

Viscous liquid inside of the cell that contains water, nutrients, ions, dissolved gases, and waste products

Answer 17

Cytoplasm

Question 18

Is the largest organelle surrounded by the nuclear envelope

Answer 18

Nucleus

Question 19

Also called the plasma membrane, is the semipermeable boundary containing the cell and its components

It’s made of phospholipid bilayer with proteins throughout

Answer 19

Cell membrane

Question 20

Responsible for energy production and cellular respiration

Answer 20

Mitochondria

Question 21

What four actions do cells have the ability to perform

Answer 21

Exchange materials with their immediate surroundings
Obtain energy from organic nutrients
Synthesize complex molecules
Replicate themselves

Question 22

Is the movement of solutes that is, particles dissolved in a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Answer 22

Diffusion

Question 23

Contains the genetic information necessary for control of the cells structure, function, and replication

Answer 23

Nucleus

Question 24

In the _______, histones bind DNA to form chromosomes, and DNA contains sections of genes that hold hereditary information.

Answer 24

Nucleus

Question 25

Is the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the assistance of a carrier protein

Answer 25

Facilitated diffusion

Question 26

Insulin transports glucose into cells using this method

Answer 26

Facilitated diffusion

Question 27

Is the passive movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Answer 27

Osmosis

Question 28

Helps regulate fluid balance in the body, for example, can be found in the functioning of our kidneys

Answer 28

Osmosis

Question 29

Is the movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.

Answer 29

Active transport

Question 30

The sodium potassium pump is an example of

Answer 30

Active transport

Question 31

Is the process of bringing a substance into a cell The cell membrane surrounds the entering particles, engulfing them.

Answer 31

Endocytosis

Question 32

Cells use _______ to consume and destroy bacteria and other foreign materials

Answer 32

Endocytosis

Question 33

How do cells obtain energy ?

Answer 33

From glucose and triglycerides

Question 34

Describe what happens when food enters the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 34

The energy process begins when food enters the gastrointestinal tract, where it is broken down into sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. These substances are broken down into larger molecules ( glucose, amino acids to proteins, fatty acids to triglycerides) stored until needed or metabolized to make ATP

Question 35

Is the four step process of the division of one cell resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells (diploid cells)

Answer 35

Mitosis

Question 36

The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear membrane disintegrates

Answer 36

Prophase

Question 37

The Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and the chromosomes align

Answer 37

Metaphase

Question 38

The chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

Answer 38

Anaphase

Question 39

The chromosomes arrive at each pole, and new membranes are formed

Answer 39

Telophase

Question 40

Is a type of cell division that occurs in sperm and ova which contain 23 chromosomes each, and as they join, the resulting organism has 46 chromosomes.

Answer 40

Meiosis

Question 41

Occurs when cells become specialized in terms of cell type, function, structure, and cell cycle.

Answer 41

Differentiation

Question 42

Through this process, the primitive stem cells of the embryo (pluripotent) develop into more than 200 highly specialized cells found in the human body.

Answer 42

Differentiation

Question 43

Occurs because of decrease work demands on the cell.

Answer 43

Atrophy

Question 44

When a muscle shrinks in an extremity with a fracture that has been immobilized cast for an extended period of time

Answer 44

Atrophy

Question 45

Occurs when cells increase in size to attempt to meet increased work demands

Answer 45

Hypertrophy

Question 46

The heart muscle has increased in size due to increased blood pressure

Answer 46

Hypertrophy

Question 47

Refers to increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Answer 47

Hyperplasia

Question 48

Examples of hyperplasia

Answer 48

Menstruation Liver regeneration Wound healing Skin warts

Question 49

The process in which one adult cell is replaced by another cell type

Answer 49

Metaplasia

Question 50

Ciliary changes are noted in the airways and lungs of a chronic cigarette smoker or vitamin A deficiency

Answer 50

Metaplasia

Question 51

The reproductive and respiratory tracts are common sites for this type of adaptation because of their increased exposure to carcinogens

Answer 51

Dysplasia

Question 52

The two major types of neoplasms are

Answer 52

Benign Malignant

Question 53

Tumors are similar to normal cells, grow relatively slowly, remain localized, may rarely have systemic effects, and may be life threatening only in certain anatomical locations in the body

Answer 53

Benign tumors

Question 54

Tumors vary in size and shape, consist of undifferentiated cells, grow rapidly, invade nearby tissues, commonly cause systemic effects, and are life threatening.

Answer 54

Malignant tumors

Question 55

The loss of differentiation that occurs with cancer

Answer 55

Anaplasia

Question 56

Near normal, differentiated condition of a cell or tumor, which causes fewer problems than an abnormal cell or tumor. Are usually encapsulated and are unable to metastasize

Answer 56

Benign

Question 57

A nucleotide in DNA molecules that join together to form RNA and DNA Thread like structures in the nucleus of a cell, which contain all genetic code

Answer 57

Chromosome

Question 58

The cellular adaptation in which cells mutate into cells of a different size , shape, and appearance

Answer 58

Dysplasia

Question 59

A form of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by a combination of impaired blood flow and bacterial invasion

Answer 59

Gangrene

Question 60

Segments of DNA that serve as templates of protein synthesis Segment of DNA which contains the genetic code for a single characteristic or trait

Answer 60

Gene

Question 61

The biological unit of inheritance, consisting of a particular nucleotide sequence within a DNA sequence that occupies a precise locus on a chromosome and codes for a specific polypeptide chain. In diploid organisms, which include humans and other mammals, _______ occur as paired alleles

Answer 61

Genes

Question 62

Characteristics of a normal cell

Answer 62

All essential structures for life and reproduction of the cell present Selective permeability of cell membrane Movement of material into and out of the cell by diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport Specialized functions of cell in different organs or tissues of the body

Question 63

The science that studies heredity

Answer 63

Genetics

Question 64

Genetically transmitted or transmissible

Answer 64

Hereditary diseases

Question 65

Contains the genetic code for every process that each cell of the body needs for growth

Answer 65

DNA

Question 66

The _______ is the one which is expressed (shows up or is detectable in the individual)

Answer 66

Dominant gene

Question 67

Is masked or hidden if there is a dominant gene at the same locus Is unexpressed. It is present and maybe passed on to future offspring Not expressed if paired with dominant gene

Answer 67

Recessive gene

Question 68

If both genes are ______ and produce the same trait, the trait is expressed in the individual

Answer 68

Recessive

Question 69

The equal degree of dominance of two traits, fully expressed Express a trait equally

Answer 69

Codominance Of genes

Question 70

Blood type AB, individual received type A gene from one parent and type B gene from the other parent

Answer 70

Codominance of genes

Question 71

XX= XY=

Answer 71

Female Male

Question 72

Conditions present at the time of birth Includes both conditions that are inherited and those that are not

Answer 72

Congenital diseases

Question 73

Examples of congenital hereditary diseases

Answer 73

Down syndrome Huntington disease Sickle cell trait Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell disease

Question 74

The number, form, size, and arrangement within the nucleus of chromosomes of an individual

Answer 74

Karyotype

Question 75

The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism

Answer 75

Karyotype

Question 76

Most cases are known as trisomy 21, in which the individual has 3 chromosomes in position 21 of the Karyotype Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability Affects almost every organ system and can cause cognitive and physical impairments

Answer 76

Down syndrome

Question 77

Progressive, incurable, inherited neurodegenerative disease Involuntary jerking movements, cognitive abnormalities, psychiatric behavioral changes Onset typically at ages 30-40 death occurs 15 -20 years after symptom onset

Answer 77

Huntington disease

Question 78

Neuronal cell death occurs in the brain Cell death in peripheral tissues, particulate skeletal muscle Affects neurotransmitters decrease in acetylcholine, GABA, and dopamine

Answer 78

Huntington disease Pathophysiology

Question 79

Huntington disease behavior changes

Answer 79

Anger irritability Depression Recklessness aggression Anxiety apathy mania hypomania paranoia OCD suicidal Psychosis Impulsive Inappropriate behavior Impaired judgement Substance abuse

Question 80

Huntington disease physical changes

Answer 80

Abnormal gait Imbalance Involuntary facial movements Involuntary writhing Dysphasia Drooling Garbled speech Loss of coordinate movement

Question 81

Individuals who inherit hemoglobin S gene from one parent and a normal hemoglobin gene from the other parent will have the

Answer 81

Sickle cell trait

Question 82

Individuals who inherit the hemoglobin S gene, one from each parent, will have

Answer 82

Sickle cell anemia