Final Review

Question 1

Or hives, consists of raised erythematous skin lesions (welts).
Are a result of type 1 hypersensitivity
This reaction is triggered by food (shellfish, nuts) or medicine ingestion.

It occurs when HISTAMINE release is initiated by these substances

Answer 1

Urticaria

Question 2

Also called athletes foot, involves the feet, especially the toes

Answer 2

Tinea pedis

Question 3

Is a result from a mite infestation
Female mites burrow into epidermis laying eggs over several weeks
When large hatch they migrate to skins surface in search of nutrients
Burrow appears as small light brown streaks on skin
Triggers inflammatory response that leads to intense erythema and pruiritis
The mites can only survive for only short periods without a host, so transmission usually results from close contact.

Answer 3

Scabies

Question 4

Refers to lice infestations
The female lay eggs (nits)
The Nits appear as small white iridescent shells on the hair.
Easily transmitted through close contact

Answer 4

Pediculosis

Question 5

Burns effect the epidermis and dermis
Cause pain, erythema, edema, and blistering
Deep partial thickness burns involve hair follicles and scarring is common

Answer 5

2nd degree burn partial thickness

Question 6

Burns extend into deeper tissues (fat)
These burns cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb

Answer 6

Third degree full thickness

Question 7

Is calculated for both partial and full thickness burns
It is typically estimated using the rule of nines for adults and the Lund browder chart for children

Answer 7

TBSA total body surface area

Question 8

Scissors
Forceps
Manually excerise non viable tissue
Wet to moist or wet to dry fine mesh gauze dressing

Answer 8

Mechanical debribement

Question 9

Use of proteoltyic enzymatic debriding agent
Digest necrotic tissue

Answer 9

Chemical debribement

Question 10

Excision of full thickness and deep partial thickness burns
Followed by application of skin graft

Answer 10

Surgical debribement

Question 11

Inflammation of the clear mucous membranes covering the eye

Answer 11

Conjunctivitis

Question 12

Is the second leading cause of blindness

Answer 12

Glaucoma

Question 13

This damage is often caused by increased intraocular pressure

Answer 13

Glaucoma

Question 14

Clouding of the lens

Answer 14

Cataracts

Question 15

Inflammation of the middle ear

Answer 15

Otitis media

Question 16

Describes abnormal hearing noises in the ear, nosies that maybe described as a ringing, buzzing, humming whistling, roaring, or blowing

Answer 16

Tinnitus

Question 17

Refers to a deterioration of the macular area of the retina that causes irreversible central vision loss.

Answer 17

Macular degeneration

Question 18

Is caused by impaired blood supply to the macula, which results in cellular waste accumulation and ischemia

Answer 18

Macular degeneration

Question 19

The most common form occurs when blood vessels under the macula become thin and brittle
Small yellow deposits form under the macula
These deposits grow in size and number, blurring vision, and creating a dim spot in central vision

Answer 19

Dry macular degeneration

Question 20

Nerve loss can occur in conjunction with

Answer 20

Conductive hearing loss

Question 21

Is a disorder of the inner ear that results from endolymph swelling.
This swelling stretches the membranes and interferes with the hair receptors in the cochlea and vestibule

Answer 21

Meniere disease

Question 22

Is a group of cells whose growth is no longer responding to normal regulatory processes, usually because of a mutation

Answer 22

Neoplasm or tumor

Question 23

The disease state associated with this uncontrolled growth is termed cancer

Answer 23

Neoplasm

Question 24

Decreased blood flow to tissue or organ, it damages the tissue or organ by limiting the supply of necessary nutrients and oxygen

Answer 24

Ischemia

Question 25

Tumors usually consist of undifferentiated (more Anaplasic), non functioning cells that are reproducing rapidly

Answer 25

Malignant

Question 26

Many cancers are preventable, so health promoting education _______ is vital to decrease the incidence and prevalence of all cancers

Answer 26

Smoking cessation Proper nutrition Weight management

Question 27

Because of their differation, are more like normal cells and cause fewer problems, cells are usually encapsulated and unable to metastasize

Answer 27

Benign tumors

Question 28

A foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system

Answer 28

Antigen

Question 29

Produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. They include two major types that work to destroy antigens: regulator cells and effector cells

Answer 29

T cells

Question 30

Cells that mature in the bone marrow, where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin secreting antibodies cells. Eliminate bacteria Neutralize toxins Prevent viral reinfections And produce immediate inflammatory response

Answer 30

B cells

Question 31

Is a multi system, autoimmune disease characterized by production of antibodies to various components of the cell nucleus

Answer 31

SLE lupus

Question 32

Is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorders that can effect any connective tissue

Answer 32

SLE lupus

Question 33

Clinical manifestations of SLE

Answer 33

Poly arthritis Myalgia Butterfly rash Glomerulonephritis Pleurisy Carditis Raynaud phenomenon Psychoses Depression mood changes seizures Anemia leukopenia thrombocytopenia thrombosis Lymphadenopathy Splenomegaly

Question 34

The aim of antiviral therapy is to reduce the ______ to a point that the body’s immune system can keep the virus in check

Answer 34

Viral load

Question 35

Are caused by pathogens that do not usually cause disease in healthy individuals (toxoplasmosis, kapoks sarcoma, candidiasis infections)

Answer 35

Opportunistic infections

Question 36

Approximately 1% of the body’s blood cells must be replaced daily. This process requires an adequate supply of

Answer 36

Hematopoietic stem cells

Question 37

Process of blood cell production The tissue includes: Red bone marrow Marrow of skeletal system Lymphatic tissue of the spleen Lymph nodes Thymus gland ALL BLOOD CELLS ARE FORMED IN THE RED BONE MARROW

Answer 37

Hematopoiesis

Question 38

4.5 to 6 million per cubic feet of blood Disk shape live only 120 days Carry oxygen to all body cells with the aid of hemoglobin

Answer 38

Erythrocytes RBC

Question 39

5000 - 10,000 per cubic feet of blood Colorless, generally round shape, circulating and live only a few hours Leave the circulation by Diapedesis Serve as a mechanism against bacteria, viruses, and foreign proteins

Answer 39

WBC

Question 40

Increased cell destruction Rate of destruction exceeds the capacity of the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells Normal RBC survival time is 120 days Excessive destruction of erythrocytes that causes hemolytic anemia

Answer 40

Hemolysis

Question 41

Clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia

Answer 41

Abdominal pain Bone pain Dyspnea Delayed growth and development Fatigue Fever Jaundice Pallor Tachycardia Skin ulcers angina Excessive thirst Frequent urination

Question 42

The _______ encloses the heart to provide protection and support

Answer 42

Pericardium

Question 43

All cardiac muscle cells can initiate Impulses, but normally the conduction pathway originates in the It automatically generates impulses ranging from 60 to 100 beats per min

Answer 43

SA node

Question 44

This pump inadequacy epitomizes the nursing diagnosis of decreased cardiac output, and it leads to decreased cardiac output increased preload, and increased afterload.

Answer 44

Heart failure

Question 45

Often referred to as congestive heart failure, is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs

Answer 45

Heart failure

Question 46

Refers to the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

Answer 46

Blood pressure

Question 47

The ______ is the force that blood exerts on the arteries when it is ejected from the left ventricle The ______ is the force of that blood exerts in the arteries when the ventricles relax

Answer 47

Systolic Diastolic

Question 48

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidney, which in turn increases blood volume and

Answer 48

Blood pressure

Question 49

In hypotensive states, this mechanism raises blood pressure and maintains the blood supply to the organs

Answer 49

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Question 50

Refers to ischemia that is initiated by increased demand (activity) and relieved with the reduction of that demand

Answer 50

Stable angina

Question 51

Chest pain eventually becomes unpredictable, occurs at rest, or increases in frequency and intensity. This change in pain which is known as ______ is considered a pre infarction state

Answer 51

Unstable angina

Question 52

This blockage which exemplifies the nursing diagnosis of ineffective tissue perfusion, may be caused by atherosclerosis, thrombus, or Vasospasm

Answer 52

Myocardial infarction