Chapter 1: Cellular Function Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Pathophysiology
A
the study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function
2
Q
Homeostasis
A
Dynamic process, Equilibrium is necessary for all cells, Self-regulating
3
Q
Etiology
A
cause or reason for the event
4
Q
Pathogenesis
A
development and evolution of a disease
5
Q
Clinical manifestations
A
Includes signs and symptoms of the disease, stages of the disease, acute vs chronic
6
Q
Epidemiology
A
patterns of diseases in a group of people
7
Q
Levels of prevention
A
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
8
Q
Primary
A
do not have the disease and you are trying to prevent it; Ex: vaccines
9
Q
Secondary
A
disease detection; Ex: Pap smears and yearly physicals
10
Q
Tertiary
A
rying to prevent problems from the disease or problem; Ex: rehabilitation
11
Q
Cellular Features
A
exchange material, obtain energy, manufacture, replicate
12
Q
Three major components of eukaryotic cells
A
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane
13
Q
Nucleus
A
Contains genetic information necessary for the control of cell structure and function
14
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Place for cell work
15
Q
Ribosomes
A
Site for protein synthesis
16
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A
communication system
Place where metabolic activity occurs
17
Q
Two Forms of ER:
A
Rough ER, Smooth ER
18
Q
Rough ER
A
Produce proteins for membranes and lysosomal enzymes
19
Q
Smooth ER
A
Lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid synthesis; regulation of intracellular calcium metabolism, and detoxification of hormones and drugs.
20
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination.
21
Q
Lysosomes
A
Breakdown cell products and foreign bodies to be used again
22
Q
Mitochondria
A
Aerobic metabolism-ATP
23
Q
Microtubules
A
Cilia, Flagella and Centrioles
24
Q
Microfilament
A
cytokinesis, amoeboid movement and cell motility in general, changes in cell shape, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell contractility and mechanical stability.
25
Cell Membrane
Made up of lipid bilayer
26
Membrane receptors
Open and close ion channels
27
Passive transport
1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3.Facilitated diffusion
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Diffusion
movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area with lower concentration.
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Osmosis
movement of water or other solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
30
Facilitated diffusion
the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins within the cellular membrane.
31
Active transport
movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.
32
Endocytosis
process of bringing a substance into the cell
33
Exocytosis
inside to outside
34
Mitosis
division of one cell to two genetically identical daughter cells. Four steps:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
35
Meiosis
specialized form of cell division that produces reproductive cells – sperm and egg cells.
36
Atrophy
reduction of cells size and number due to a reduction in work demand. eg., in paralysis
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Hypertrophy
cells increase in size to meet increased work demand. eg., biceps muscle after exercise
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Hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. eg., liver regeneration
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Metaplasia
one cell type is replaced by another cell type. eg., change in respiratory tract due to smoking
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Dysplasia
cells mutate into cells of different size, shape and appearance eg., cervical dysplasia
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Causes of Cell Injury
Physical agents, Radiation, Chemical
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Physical agents
1. Mechanical forces
| 2. Extreme temperature
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Chemical
1. Poisonings
| 2. Drugs
44
Radiation
1. Ionizing
2. Ultraviolet
3. Non-ionizing
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Apoptosis
process of eliminating unwanted cells. Also called “programmed cell death”
46
Ischemia
=Necrosis
47
Coagulative
Caused by ischemia/
| Infarction (except in Brain)
48
Liquefactive
bacteria/fungus infection and
| Ischemic injury in the brain
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Caseous
TB infection
50
Fatty
acute inflammation in tissues
with adipocytes
such as pancreas and breast tissue
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Gangrene
= Necrosis + Infection
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Neoplasia
“new growth"
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Steps in Carcinogenesis
Initiation, Promotion, Progression
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Initiation
introduction of the agent
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Promotion
initiation of uncontrolled growth
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Progression
permanent malignant changes
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Benign
Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles host (more differentiated), grow by expansion, do not usually cause death
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Malignant
Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated
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Tumor Clinical Manifestations
C.A.U.T.I.O.N
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C.A.U.T.I.O.N
```
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
```
61
Biopsy
Can be done through needle aspiration, endoscopy, laproscopy, or excision
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Tumor Markers
Antigens on the surface of tumor cells
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Miscellaneous procedures
X-rays, radioactive isotope scanning, computed tomography scans, endoscopies, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imagining, positron emission tomography scanning
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Staging-TNM (Tumor Node Metastasis)
based on spread of the disease
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Grading-according to histology
I, II, III, and IV-as it increases, the tumor is less differentiated
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Tumor treatment 3 goals
Prophylactic
Curative
Palliative
67
Single-gene defects:
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
X-linked dominant
X-linked recessive
68
Genetic Disorders classified as
Single-gene defects, Chromosomal disorders, Multifactorial
69
Genotype
genetic makeup of a cell
70
Phenotype
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
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Patterns of transmission
Autosomal
Dominant, Autosomal
Recessive, Sex linked
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Dominant inheritance
occurs when an abnormal gene from one parent causes disease even though the matching gene from the other parent is normal.
73
Recessive inheritance
both matching genes must be abnormal to cause disease.
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carrier
Someone who has one abnormal gene (but no symptoms)
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Autosomal Dominant Disorders
Examples: Marfan syndrome and neurofibromatosis
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Marfan Syndrome
Disorder of connective tissue
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Diagnosis for Marfan Syndrome
History, physical examination, skin biopsy (presence of fibrillin), genetic testing
78
Treatment for Marfan Syndrome
None, palliative
79
Neurofibromatosis
Neurogenic tumors that arise from Schwann cells
80
Type 1 Neurofibromatosis
subcutaneous lesions, café-au-lait spots (at least 6 at birth), freckles, scoliosis, erosive bone defects, and nervous system tumors
81
Type 2 Neurofibromatosis
Tumors of the acoustic nerve – 8th nerve
82
Autosomal Recessive Disorders
Occurs only both members of gene pair are affected (homozygous)
83
Examples of Autosomal Recessive Disorders
PKU and Tay-Sachs
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PKU (phenylketonuria)
deficiency in phenyl alanine hydroxylase,
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Progressive neurological decline
can lead to mental retardation
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Treatment for PKU (phenylketonuria)
Avoid high protein foods
| Phenylalanine, lowering agents, Gene therapy
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Tay-sachs
Lipids accumulate, destroying and demyelinating nerve cells->progressive mental and motor deterioration
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Diagnosis for Tay-sachs
: history, physical examination, and low serum amniotic hexosaminidase A levels
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X-linked Recessive Disorders
Nearly everyone affected is male
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Examples of X-linked Recessive Disorders
red-green color blindness
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Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders
interaction between environmental and genetic factors
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Examples of Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders
cleft lip or palate, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer
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Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
Caused from nondisjunction during meiosis
94
Manifestations of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
small square head, upward slant of the eyes, small low set ears, fat pad on the back of the neck, open mouth with protruding tongue, Simian crease, and varying degrees of mental retardation
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Diagnosis of Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
parental screening including amniocentesis, hormone levels, four-dimensional ultrasound
96
Treatment for Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
symptomatic and supportive
97
Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)
Deletion of all or part of an X
98
Manifestations of Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)
short stature, webbing of the neck, drooping eyelids
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Diagnosis of Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)
history, physical examination, and chromosomal testing
100
Treatment for Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome)
estrogen and growth hormones
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Trisomy X (Klinefelter Syndrome
One or more extra X chromosomes
102
Manifestations of Trisomy X (Klinefelter Syndrome
gynecomastia, small testes and penis, tall stature, increased weight, and sparse body hair
103
Treatment for Trisomy X (Klinefelter Syndrome
testosterone
