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Pathophysiology Summer 2019 > Chapter 5: Respiratory Function > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Respiratory Function Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Two Divisions of Respiratory System

A

Air-conducting, Gas exchange

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2
Q

Air-conducting

A

delivers air

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3
Q

Gas exchange

A

swaps gases between air and blood

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4
Q

Mucus, cilia, and immune cells

A

protect the system from harmful inhaled particles

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5
Q

Capillaries in the nose

A

warms and humidifies the air

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6
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Requires adequate ventilation and perfusion

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7
Q

Gas Transportation

A

Gases (O2 and CO2) carried by hemoglobin

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8
Q

Surfactant

A

lipoprotein that Produces alveoli surface tension to prevent collapse

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9
Q

Breathing

A

Controlled by the medulla oblongata. contains Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles, which are muscles that help respiration

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10
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air moved in and out with a normal breath; ~500ml

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11
Q

Minute respiratory volume

A

amount of air moved in and out in one minute; ~ 6L

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12
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled over tidal volume; 2-3L

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13
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled over tidal volume; 1-1.5L

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14
Q

Vital capacity

A

sum of the tidal volumes and the reserves

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15
Q

Residual volume

A

amount of air left in the lung after forced expiration; 1-1.5L

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16
Q

Role in pH Balance

A

Carbon dioxide is one of the body’s acids

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17
Q

Increased rate of breathing

A

expels more carbon dioxide and raises pH

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18
Q

Decreased rate of breathing

A

retains more carbon dioxide and lowers pH

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19
Q

Infectious Rhinitis

A

Usually caused by the rhinovirus

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20
Q

Manifestations of Infectious Rhinitis

A

sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, sore throat, nonproductive cough, malaise, myalgia, low-grade fever, hoarseness, headache, and chills

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21
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the sinus cavities

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22
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx

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23
Q

Manifestations of Laryngitis

A

hoarseness, weak voice or voice loss, tickling sensation

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24
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis

A

also called “Croup”,

parainfluenza viruses and adenoviruses

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25
Acute Bronchitis
Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi
26
Manifestations of Acute Bronchitis
productive and nonproductive cough
27
Influenza
caused by influenza virus, Incubation period of 1–4 days
28
Prevention of transmission of Influenza
handwashing, avoiding crowds, and vaccination
29
Pneumonia
Inflammatory condition of the lung
30
Viral Pneumonia
Usually mild, Can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia
31
Bacterial Pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
32
Aspiration pneumonia | causes
impaired gag reflex, improper lower esophageal sphincter closure, inappropriate tube-feeding placement
33
Lobar pneumonia
Confined to a single lobe
34
Bronchopneumonia
Most frequent type
35
Interstitial pneumonia or atypical
Occurs in the areas between the alveoli, Routinely caused by viruses or by uncommon bacteria
36
Nosocomial pneumonia
Develops more than 48 hours after a hospital admission
37
Community-acquired pneumonia
Acquired outside the hospital or healthcare setting
38
Tuberculosis caused by?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
39
Tuberculosis Primary infection
type IV hypersensitivity reaction, Caseous necrosis and Ghon complexes
40
Tuberculosis
Reactivation of dormant bacilli, Can spread to other organs, Symptoms usually develop
41
Manifestations of Secondary infection
productive cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, fever, chills
42
Diagnosis of Secondary infection
skin test (Mantoux), Chest X-ray, computerized tomography , and sputum culture
43
Asthma
intermittent, reversible airway obstruction
44
Extrinsic asthma
Inflammatory | mediator release, causing bronchoconstriction, increased capillary permeability, and mucus production
45
Nocturnal asthma
histamine levels increase
46
Exercise-induced asthma
occurs 10–15 minutes after activity
47
Occupational asthma
Caused by a reaction to substances at work
48
Symptoms of Occupational asthma
develop over time, worsening with each exposure and improving when away from work
49
Drug-induced asthma
caused by aspirin – prevents the conversion of prostaglandins, which stimulate leukotriene release, a powerful bronchoconstrictor
50
Stage one of asthma attack
Related to bronchospasms, and it is usually signaled by coughing
51
Stage two of asthma attack
Result of airway edema and mucus production
52
Manifestastions of asthma
wheezing, shortness of breath, dyspnea, chest tightness, cough, tachypnea, and anxiety
53
Status Asthmaticus
Life-threatening, prolonged asthma attack, can lead to respiratory alkalosis and respiratory failure
54
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction. Severe hypoxia and hypercapnia
55
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction. Severe hypoxia and hypercapnia
56
Chronic Bronchitis
“Blue bloaters”, inflammation of the bronchi
57
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis
hypoventilation, hypoxemia, cyanosis, hypercapnia, polycythemia, clubbing of fingers, dyspnea at rest, wheezing, edema, weight gain, malaise, chest pain, and fever
58
Diagnosis of Chronic Bronchitis
history (persistent, productive cough for at least 3 months in a year for 2 consecutive years
59
Emphysema
“Pink puffers”, Destruction of the alveolar walls, Enzyme necessary for lung remodeling is deficient
60
Manifestations of Emphysema
dyspnea upon exertion, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, chest tightness, tachypnea, hypoxia, hypercapnia, activity intolerance, anorexia, and malaise
61
Lung Cancer
Smoking is the most significant risk factor, either first-hand or second-hand
62
Types of Lung Cancer
Small cell carcinoma, Non–small cell carcinoma
63
Small cell carcinoma
Occurs almost exclusively in heavy smokers
64
Non–small cell carcinoma
Most common type of malignant lung cancer
65
Complications of Lung Cancer
airway obstruction, lung tissue inflammation, fluid accumulation, and paraneoplastic syndrome
66
Manifestations of Lung Cancer
dyspnea, hemoptysis, frequent respiratory infections
67
Treatment for Lung Cancer
Usually palliative | Includes: chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery
68
Pleural Effusion
Excess fluid in the pleural cavity
69
Manifestations of Pleural Effusion
dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea, tracheal deviation, absent lung sounds and dullness over affected area, tachycardia, and pleural friction rub
70
Pneumothorax
Air in the pleural cavity | Can lung to collapse
71
Clinical Manifestations of Pneumothorax
sudden chest pain over the affected lung, chest tightness, decreased breath sounds over the affected area
72
Types of Pneumothorax
Spontaneous pneumothorax, Traumatic pneumothorax, Tension pneumothorax
73
Spontaneous pneumothorax
when air enters the pleural cavity from an opening in the internal airways (e.g., smoking marijuana, emphysema, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, or lung cancer).
74
Traumatic pneumothorax
any blunt trauma (e.g., vehicle air bag deployment) or penetrating injury (e.g., knife or gunshot wounds) to the chest.
75
Tension pneumothorax
most serious type of pneumothorax, progresses rapidly and is fatal if not treated quickly.
76
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Respiratory | failure
77
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Complications
respiratory and metabolic acidosis, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumothorax, bacterial infections, decreased lung function, muscle wasting, memory, cognitive, and emotional issues, and death
78
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) manifestations
labored and shallow respirations
79
Atelectasis
Collapse of the alveoli, Ventilation and perfusion problem
80
Atelectasis causes
surfactant deficiencies, bronchus obstruction

Pathophysiology Summer 2019 (8 decks)

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