Chapter 4: Cardiovascular Function Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
A
vital oxygen and nutrients to cells, Removes waste products, and Transports hormones
2
Q
Branches of the Cardiovascular System
A
Systemic, Pulmonary
3
Q
Systemic
A
Carries blood throughout the body to meet the body’s needs and remove waste products
4
Q
Pulmonary
A
Carries blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange
5
Q
Pericardium
A
Surrounds the heart to provide protection and support
6
Q
Myocardium
A
muscle portion of the organ
7
Q
Endocardium
A
Inner structures, including the valves
8
Q
Four Chambers
A
Two Atria, Two Ventricles
9
Q
Atria
A
receiving chambers
10
Q
Ventricles
A
pumping chambers
11
Q
Blood from the systemic circulation enters from _____
A
superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
12
Q
Blood empties directly into the ______
A
right atrium
13
Q
From the right atrium, blood travels through the ______ to the _____
A
tricuspid valve, right ventricle
14
Q
right ventricle pumps blood through the _____ to the ______
A
pulmonic valve, pulmonary arteries
15
Q
The pulmonary arteries carries blood to the _______ for gas exchange
A
lungs
16
Q
Blood from the pulmonary circulation enters from the ______
A
pulmonary veins
17
Q
Blood empties directly into the ______
A
left atrium
18
Q
Blood leaves the left atrium through the ______ to the _____
A
mitral valve, left ventricle
19
Q
The left ventricle then pumps blood through the ________ to the _____
A
aortic valve, aorta
20
Q
Excitability
A
ability of the cells to respond to electrical impulses
21
Q
Conductivity
A
ability cells to conduct electrical impulses
22
Q
Automaticity
A
ability to generate an impulse to contract with no external nerve stimulus
23
Q
Impulses originate in the____ high in the right atrium at a rate of _____
A
sinoatrial (SA) node, 60-100 bpm
24
Q
Impulses then travels to the_____ in the right atrium adjacent to the septum
A
atrioventricular (AV) node
25
The AV node can initiate impulses if the SA node fails _____
40–60 bpm
26
Impulses then move rapidly through the ______, right and left ______, and _____, causing ventricular contraction
bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje network of fibers
27
Depolarization
Increase in electrical charge, Accomplished through cellular ion exchange, and Generates cardiac contraction
28
Repolarization
Cellular recovery, Ions returning to the cell membrane in preparation for depolarization
29
Sinus rhythm
Electrical activity when impulses originate in the SA node
30
Dysrhythmias
Abnormal electrical activity, Can result from issues such as myocardial infarction and electrolyte imbalances
31
Conduction Control
Electrolyte signals - Sodium, potassium, and calcium
32
Effects of conduction of control
Chronotropic, Inotropic
33
Chronotropic
rate of contraction
34
Inotropic
strength of contraction
35
Blood Pressure
Force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels
36
Systolic
top number; cardiac work phase
37
Diastolic
bottom number; cardiac rest phase
38
BP (Blood Pressure) =
Cardiac Output (CO) x Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
39
Cardiac output (CO)=
SV (Stroke volume) x HR (Heart rate)
40
Afterload
pressure needed to eject the blood (Blood viscosity, PVR)
41
Preload
amount of blood returning (Blood volume, Venous return)
42
Hormones
```
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
```
43
Arteries
carry blood away
44
Veins
carry blood back
45
Capillaries
site of exchange
46
Three layers of blood vessels
Tunica intima – inner layer
Tunica media – middle muscular layer
Tunica adventitia – outer elastic layer
47
Lymphatic System
return excess interstitial fluid (lymph)
48
Conditions that Affect the Heart
Alterations resulting in Decreased Cardiac Output, Alterations resulting in Altered Tissue Perfusion, Alterations resulting in both- Hypertension, Shock
49
Cardiac Output
```
Pericarditis
Infective endocarditis
Myocarditis
Valvular disorders
Cardiomyopathy
Electrical Alterations
Heart Failure
```
50
Tissue Perfusion
```
Aneurysm
Dyslipidemia
Atherosclerosis
Peripheral vascular disease
Coronary artery disease
Thrombi and emboli
Lymphedema
Myocardial Infarction
```
51
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
52
pericardial effusion.
Inflammatory process, fluid shifts from the capillaries to the space between the sac and the heart
53
cardiac tamponade
the fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity to the point that it compresses the heart.
54
decreased cardiac output
when the compression prevents the heart from stretching and filling during diastole
55
Loss of elasticity
the pericardium becomes thick and fibrous from the chronic inflammation and adheres to the heart.
56
Pericarditis Manifestations
Pericardial friction rub (grating sound heard when breath is held), Sharp, sudden, severe chest pain that increases with deep inspiration and decreases when sitting up and leaning forward, Dyspnea, Tachycardia, Edema, Flulike symptoms
57
Infective Endocarditis
An infection of the endocardium (inner layers of the heart) or heart valves.
58
Infective Endocarditis caused by _____ and _______
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus
59
Pathogenesis
Endothelial damage ->Attracts platelets->Thrombus
60
Risk factors of Infective Endocarditis
intravenous drug use, valvular disorders, prosthetic heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, coarctation of the aorta, congenital heart defects, and Marfan syndrome
61
Manifestations of Infective Endocarditis
flulike symptoms, embolization, heart murmur, conjunctival petechiae, splinter hemorrhages under the nails, hematuria, and Osler’s nodes
62
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium
63
Complications of Myocarditis
heart failure, cardiomyopathy, dysrhythmias, and thrombus formation
64
Manifestations of Myocarditis
May be asymptomatic, flulike symptoms, dyspnea, dysrhythmias, palpitations, tachycardia, heart murmurs, chest discomfort, and cardiac enlargement
65
Valvular Disorders
Disrupt blood flow through the heart
66
Stenosis
narrowing
67
Regurgitation
insufficient closure
68
Causes of Valvular Disorders
congenital defects, infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure
69
Manifestations of Valvular Disorders
Vary depending on valve involved, Reflect alteration in blood flow through the heart
70
Cardiomyopathy
Conditions that weaken and enlarge the myocardium
71
Cardiomyopathy Classified into three groups
Dilated cardiomyopathy
| Hypertrophic, cardiomyopathy, Restrictive cardiomyopathy
72
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Most common type – affects systolic function
73
Causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Mostly idiopathic. Other causes: chemotherapy, alcoholism, cocaine abuse, pregnancy, infections, thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus, neuromuscular diseases, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and hypersensitivity to medications
74
Cardiomegaly /
| ventricular dilation
->Damage to myocardium
| muscle fibers-> Cardiac output and blood stagnation
75
Manifestations of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Appear as compensatory mechanisms fail, dyspnea, activity intolerance
76
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Affects systolic and diastolic function.
77
Causes of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
sudden cardiac death in young people, especially young athletes
78
Stiff ventricle wall
->Ventricular
| filling -> Cardiac output -> Atrial and pulmonary pressures
79
Manifestations of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, syncope, orthopnea, angina, activity intolerance, dysrhythmias, left ventricular failure, and myocardial infarction
80
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Least common of the cardiomyopathies. Characterized by rigidity of the ventricles, leading to diastolic dysfunction.
81
Causes of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, radiation exposure to the chest, connective tissue diseases, myocardial infarction, sarcoidosis, and cardiac neoplasms
82
Manifestations of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Many cases are asymptomatic. include: fatigue, dyspnea, orthopnea, abnormal lung sounds, angina, hepatomegaly, jugular vein distension, ascites, murmurs, peripheral cyanosis, and pallor
83
Electrical Alterations
Normal electric conduction - sinus rhythm
84
Electrical Alterations Classified by origin
Supraventricular rhythms
| Ventricular rhythms
85
Manifestations of Electrical Alterations
palpitations, abnormal heart rate
86
Congestive Heart Failure
Inadequate pumping, Compensatory mechanisms activated
87
Types of Heart Failure
Systolic dysfunction, Diastolic dysfunction, Mixed dysfunction
88
Systolic dysfunction
Decreased contractility
89
Diastolic dysfunction
Decreased filling
90
Mixed dysfunction
Decreased contractility, Decreased filling
91
Left-sided failure
Blood backs up to the pulmonary circulation,
92
Right-sided failure
Blood backs up to the systemic circulation
93
Manifestations of Left-sided failure
pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and activity intolerance
94
Manifestations of Right-sided failure
edema and weight gain
95
Heart Failure
May be acute or chronic, Appear as compensatory mechanisms fail
96
Aneurysms
Weakening of the wall of an artery, Can rupture – exsanguination
97
True aneurysms
affect all three vessel layers – (intima, media, adventitia)
98
Saccular aneurysm
bulge on the side
99
Fusiform aneurysm
occurs the entire circumference
100
False aneurysm
does not affect all three layers of the vessel
101
Dissecting aneurysms
occurs in the inner layers
102
Dyslipidemia or Hyperlipidemia
High levels of lipids in the blood, Increases risk for many chronic diseases, Lipids come for dietary sources and liver production
103
Dyslipidemia or Hyperlipidemia classified
based on density
104
classifications of Dyslipidemia or Hyperlipidemia
Very-low density lipoproteins
Low density lipoproteins
High density lipoproteins
105
Manifestations of Dyslipidemia or Hyperlipidemia
asymptomatic until it develops into other diseases
106
Low density lipoproteins
AKA “bad” cholesterol
107
High density lipoproteins
AKA “good” cholesterol
108
Atherosclerosis
thickening and hardening of the arterial wall, Inflammatory process is triggered by a vessel wall injury, Leads to vessel obstruction, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction
109
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Narrowing of the peripheral vessels
110
Causes of Peripheral Vascular Disease
atherosclerosis, thrombus, inflammation, and vasospasms
111
Thromboangiitis obliterans
an inflammatory condition of the arteries
112
Raynaud’s disease
vasospasms of arteries, usually in the hands, because of sympathetic stimulation
113
Coronary Artery Disease
Atherosclerotic changes of the coronary arteries
114
Angina
intermittent chest pain resulting from myocardium ischemia
115
Infarction
permanent necrotic damage to the myocardium
116
Complications of Coronary Artery Disease
myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and sudden death
117
Manifestations of Coronary Artery Disease
angina, indigestion-like sensation, nausea, vomiting, clammy extremities, diaphoresis, and fatigue
118
stable
goes away with demand reduction
119
unstable
increased intensity or frequency, does not go away with demand reduction, or occurs at rest
120
Thrombus
Stationary blood clot
121
Emboli
traveling body
122
Prevention of Thrombus
increasing mobility
123
Varicose Veins
Engorged veins resulting from valve incompetency
124
Risk factors of Varicose Veins
genetic predisposition, pregnancy, obesity, prolonged sitting or standing, alcohol abuse and liver disorders (esophageal varices), and constipation (hemorrhoids)
125
Manifestations of Varicose Veins
```
Irregular, purplish, bulging veins
Pedal edema
Fatigue
Aching in the legs
Shiny, pigmented, hairless skin on the legs and feet
Skin ulcer formation
```
126
Lymphedema
Swelling due to a lymph obstruction
127
Primary lymphedema
Rare, usually congenital
128
Secondary lymphedema
Causes: surgery, radiation, cancer, infection, and injury
129
Myocardial Infarction
Death of the myocardium, Coronary artery blood flow is blocked due to atherosclerosis, thrombus, or vasospasms, Risk factors are the same as those for atherosclerosis
130
Manifestations of Myocardial Infarction
Some are asymptomatic – “Silent” MI, Includes: angina, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, diaphoresis, indigestion, elevation in cardiac markers, electrocardiogram changes
131
Complications of Myocardial Infarction
heart failure, dysrhythmias, cardiac shock, thrombosis, and death
132
Treatment for Myocardial Infarction
Immediately: Morphine, Oxygen, Nitrate, Aspirin; may also administer thrombolytics
133
Hypertension
Prolonged elevation in blood pressure, In hypertension, the heart is working harder than normal to pump the blood to all the parts of the body.
134
Risk factors of Hypertension
advancing age, ethnicity, family history, being overweight or obese, physical inactive, tobacco use, high-sodium diet, low-potassium diet, high vitamin D intake, excessive alcohol intake, stress, and other chronic conditions
135
Types of Hypertension
Primary, Secondary, Malignant HT
136
Primary hypertension
Most common form, Develops gradually over time
137
Secondary hypertension
Tends to be more sudden and severe
| Causes: renal disease, adrenal gland tumors, certain congenital heart defects, certain medications, and illegal drugs
138
Malignant hypertension
Intensified form
| Does not respond well to treatment
139
Manifestations of hypertension
“Silent killer”
| Include: fatigue, headache, malaise, and dizziness
140
Complications of hypertension
atherosclerosis, aneurysms, heart failure, stroke, hypertensive crisis, renal damage, vision loss, metabolic syndrome, memory problems
141
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
Hypertension first seen in pregnancy
142
Indicators of Pregnancy-induced hypertension
high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema
143
Risk factors of Pregnancy-induced hypertension
history of pregnancy-induced hypertension, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, multiple fetuses, and maternal age less than 20 years or greater than 40 years
144
Complications of Pregnancy-induced hypertension
seizures, miscarriages, poor fetal development, and placental abruption
145
Treatment of Pregnancy-induced hypertension
bed rest and magnesium sulfate
146
Shock
Decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation resulting in inadequate tissue and organ perfusion
147
Stages of shock
Compensatory, Progressive, Irreversible
148
Compensatory
Sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are activated
149
Progressive
Compensatory mechanisms fail
| Tissues become hypoxic, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid builds up, and metabolic acidosis develops
150
Irreversible
Organ damage occurs
151
Distributive shock
results from excessive vasodilation and the impaired distribution of blood flow.
152
Neurogenic shock
Loss of vascular sympathetic tone and autonomic function lead to massive vasodilatation
153
Septic shock
Bacterial endotoxins activate an immune reaction
154
Anaphylactic shock
Excessive allergic reaction
155
Cardiogenic shock
Left ventricle cannot maintain adequate cardiac output
156
Hypovolemic shock
Venous return reduces because of external blood volume losses
157
Complications of shock
acute respiratory distress syndrome, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, cerebral hypoxia, and death
158
Manifestations of shock
Varies depending on type, Include: thirst, tachycardia, restlessness, irritability, tachypnea progressing to Cheyne-Stokes respiration, cool and pale skin, hypotension, cyanosis, and decreasing urinary output
