Chapter 3: Hematopoietic Functions Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Hematopoiesis
A
Process of forming blood, primarily in the bone marrow
2
Q
Plasma
A
liquid protein, transport medium that carries the blood cells as well as antibodies, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, lipids, and waste products
3
Q
Leukocytes
A
white blood cells, key players in the inflammatory response and infectious process
4
Q
Erythrocytes
A
red blood cells
5
Q
Hemoglobin
A
oxygen-carrying component
6
Q
Hematocrit
A
amount of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes
7
Q
Thrombocytes
A
platelets, along with clotting factors, control coagulation
8
Q
Components of Hematopoiesis
A
Plasma, Leukocytes, Erythrocytes, and Thrombocytes
9
Q
Hemostasis
A
process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel
10
Q
Normal
A
when it seals a blood vessel to prevent blood loss and hemorrhage
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Q
Abnormal
A
when it causes inappropriate clotting or when clotting is insufficient to stop blood flow
12
Q
Stages of Hemostasis
A
- Vessel spasm
- Formation of platelet plug
- Blood coagulation
- Clot retraction
- Clot dissolution
13
Q
Leukopenia
A
decreased levels of white blood cells
14
Q
Leukocytosis
A
increased levels of white blood cells
15
Q
Neutrophils
A
type of leukocytes, arrive at the site of infection
16
Q
Neutropenia
A
low count of neutrophils, low ability to fight infection
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Neutropenia Treatment
A
Antibiotic therapy and hematopoietic growth factors
18
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Neutropenia Diagnosis
A
neutrophil levels and bone marrow biopsy
19
Q
Mononucleosis
A
“Kissing Disease”-oral transmission, Caused by Epstein-Barr virus in the herpes family
20
Q
Mononucleosis Treatment
A
symptomatic and supportive
21
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manifestations of Mononucleosis
A
anorexia, malaise, and chills. intensify to include leukocytosis, fever, sore throat, and lymphopathy
22
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Manifestations of Neutropenia
A
Infections and ulcerations especially of the respiratory tract, skin, vagina, and gastrointestinal tract. Signs and symptoms of infection (fever, malaise, and chills)
23
Q
Lymphomas
A
Group of blood cell tumors that develop from lymphocytes
24
Q
Two main types of Lymphomas
A
Hodgkin’s, Non-Hodgkin’s
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Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Solid tumors with the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
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Stage I of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
The lymphoma cells are in one lymph node group or one part of a tissue or an organ.
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Stage II of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
The lymphoma cells are in at least two lymph node groups on the same side of the diaphragm, or the lymphoma cells are in one part of a tissue or an organ and the lymph nodes near that organ.
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Stage III of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
The lymphoma cells are in lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm. Lymphoma cells may be found in one part of a tissue or an organ near these lymph node groups. Cells may also be found in the spleen.
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Stage IV of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Lymphoma cells are found in several parts of one or more organs or tissues, or the lymphoma cells are in an organ and in distant lymph nodes.
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Recurrent
The disease returns after treatment.
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Diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
physical examination, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in a lymph node biopsy
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Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
More common, Poor prognosis, and No Reed-Sternberg cells
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Leukemia
Cancer of the leukocytes
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Types of Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL), Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Affects primarily children
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Acute myeloid leukemia
Affects the primarily adult
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Chronic lymphoid leukemia
Responds poorly to therapy, yet most patients live many years after diagnosis
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Chronic myeloid leukemia
Responds poorly to chemotherapy, but the prognosis is improved with allogenic bone marrow transplant
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Manifestations of leukemia
leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, joint swelling, bone pain, weight loss, anorexia hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and central nervous system dysfunction
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Diagnosis of leukemia
a history, physical examination, peripheral blood smears, complete blood count, and bone marrow biopsy
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Treatment of leukemia
chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant
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Multiple Myeloma
Plasma cell cancer, Bence Jones proteins to be excreted in the urine
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Bence Jones proteins
are antibodies and are produced by neoplastic plasma cells.
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Bone destruction leads to what?
hypercalcemia and pathologic fractures
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Manifestations of Multiple Myeloma
Insidious onset, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, decreased bone density, bone pain, hypercalcemia, and renal impairment
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Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma
serum and urine protein, calcium, renal function tests, complete blood count, biopsy, X-rays, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging
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Treatment
chemotherapy and complication management
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Hematocrit
is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the volume of whole blood
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Red cell count
is the number of red blood cells in a volume of blood
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Hemoglobin
is a protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its red color
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Erythropoiesis
Production of erythrocytes, Regulated by erythropoietin, Occurs in bone marrow
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Anemia
decreased number of erythrocytes, reduction of hemoglobin, or abnormal hemoglobin
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Iron-Deficiency Anemia
very common
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Causes of Iron-Deficiency Anemia
decreased iron consumption, decreased iron absorption, and increased bleeding
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Diagnosis of Iron-Deficiency Anemia
complete blood count (low hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, and MCHC), serum ferritin, serum iron, and transferrin saturation
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Treatment of Iron-Deficiency Anemia
identify and treat cause, increase dietary intake (e.g., liver, red meat, fish, beans, raisins, and green leafy vegetables), and iron supplements. Additionally, foods or supplements high in vitamin C should be increased because vitamin C increases the absorption of iron.
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Pernicious Anemia
Vit B12 deficiency usually caused by a lack of intrinsic factor that is required for vit B12 absorption in the stomach.
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Causes of Pernicious Anemia
autoimmune
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Manifestations of Pernicious Anemia
bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, loss of deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, personality or memory changes
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Diagnosis of Pernicious Anemia
serum B12 levels, Schilling’s test, complete blood count, gastric analysis, and bone marrow biopsy
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Aplastic Anemia
Bone marrow depression of all blood cells (pancytopenia)
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Manifestations of Aplastic Anemia
Anemia, Leukocytopenia, and Thrombocytopenia
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Diagnosis of Aplastic Anemia
complete blood count and bone marrow biopsy
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Treatment of Aplastic Anemia
identify and manage underlying cause, oxygen therapy, infection control, infection treatment, bleeding precautions, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants
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Anemia
weakness, pallor, dyspnea
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Leukocytopenia
recurrent infections
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Thrombocytopenia
bleeding
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Hemolytic Anemia
Excessive erythrocyte destruction
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Types of Hemolytic Anemia
Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia, and Erythroblastosis
| fetalis
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Sickle cell anemia
Abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia
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Forms of Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell trait (a carrier), Sickle cell disease
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Manifestations of Sickle Cell Anemia
abdominal pain, bone pain, dyspnea, delayed growth and development, fatigue, fever, jaundice, pallor, tachycardia, skin ulcers, angina, excessive thirst, frequent urination, priapism, and vision impairment
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Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia
hemoglobin electrophoresis, complete blood count, and bilirubin test
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Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia
Medications ( Hydrea [hydroxyurea])
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Thalassemia
Abnormal hemoglobin from a lack of one of two proteins that makes up hemoglobin (alpha and beta globin)
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Manifestations of Thalassemia
abortion, delayed growth and development, fatigue, dyspnea, heart failure, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, bone deformities, jaundice
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Diagnosis of Thalassemia
complete blood count (low MCV, MCHC) and iron levels
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Treatment of Thalassemia
blood transfusion, chelation therapy, and splenectomy
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Polycythemia Vera
chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms -> increased red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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Complications of Polycythemia Vera
Thrombosis, Bleeding
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Manifestations of Polycythemia Vera
increased red cell volume and viscosity cause weakness, headache, light-headedness, visual disturbances, fatigue, and dyspnea.
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Diagnosis of Polycythemia Vera
complete blood counts, bone marrow biopsy, and uric acid levels
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Treatment of Polycythemia Vera
phlebotomy and managing clotting disorders
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Thrombocytosis
increased levels of Platelets, causes thrombus (blood clots)
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Thrombocytopenia
decreased levels of Platelets, causes bleeding
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Hemophilia A
Deficiency or abnormality of clotting factor VIII
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Manifestations of Hemophilia A
prolonged bleeding, prolonged clotting time
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Diagnosis of Hemophilia A
clotting studies and serum factor VIII level
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Treatment of Hemophilia A
clotting factor transfusions, recombinant clotting factors, desmopressin, and bleed precautions
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Von Willebrand’s Disease
decreased platelet adhesion and aggregation
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Manifestations of Von Willebrand’s Disease
bleeding or indications of bleeding
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Type 1 of Von Willebrand’s Disease
Most common and mildest form, and Reduced von Willebrand’s factor levels
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Treatment of Von Willebrand’s Disease
Mild cases usually do not require treatment, Cryoprecipitate infusions, Desmopressin (DDAVP), Bleeding precautions, Measures to control bleeding
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
complications of many conditions, clotting factors become abnormally active
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Manifestations of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
tissue ischemia and bleeding
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Complications of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
shock and multisystem organ failure
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Diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
complete blood count and bleeding studies
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Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
identify and treat underlying cause, replace clotting components, and preventing activation of clotting mechanisms
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Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Hypocoagulation resulting from an autoimmune destruction of platelets
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Acute form of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
More common in children, Sudden onset, Self-limiting
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Chronic form of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
More common in adults age 20-50, More common in women
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Causes of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
idiopathic, autoimmune diseases, immunizations with a live vaccine, immunodeficiency disorders, and viral infections
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Manifestations of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
bleeding or indications of bleeding (bruising, petechia, etc)
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Diagnosis of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
complete blood count (platelet levels < 20,000) and bleeding studies
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Treatment of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Acute ITP, Chronic ITP
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Acute ITP
glucocorticoid steroids, immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis, and platelet pheresis
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Chronic ITP
glucocorticoid steroids, immunoglobulins, splenectomy, blood transfusions, and immunosuppressant therapy
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Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Deficiency of enzyme necessary for cleaving von Willebrand’s factor, leading to hypercoagulation
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Hypercoagulation depletes platelet levels
bleeding
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Causes of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
idiopathic causes, heredity, bone marrow transplants, cancer, medications, pregnancy, and HIV
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Manifestations of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
purpura, changes in consciousness, confusion, fatigue, fever, headache, tachycardia, pallor, dyspnea on exertion, speech changes, weakness, and jaundice
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Diagnosis of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
complete blood counts, blood smears
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Treatment of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
plasmapheresis, splenectomy, and glucocorticoid steroids
