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Pathophysiology Summer 2019 > Chapter 2: Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Cluster of systemic manifestations that represent an attempt to cope with a stressor.

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2
Q

Local Adaptation Syndrome

A

Localized version of the general adaptation syndrome.Restricted to one location

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3
Q

Two stress adaptions?

A

Local Adaptation Syndrome, General Adaptation Syndrome

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4
Q

Physiological Response to Stress

A

increased heart rate, increased respirations, diaphoresis (sweating), increased blood flow to muscles

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5
Q

Systems activated during the Physiological Response to Stress

A

sympathetic and the endocrine systems

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6
Q

Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

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7
Q

Alarm Stage

A

the fight-or-flight response

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8
Q

Resistance Stage

A

adaption, return to normal

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9
Q

Exhaustion

A

Adaption failing

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10
Q

Example of Local Adaptation Syndrome

A

seen in the local inflammatory reaction that results from tissue trauma.

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11
Q

Adaptive coping strategies of Adaption syndrome

A

physical activity, adequate sleep, optimal dietary status, relaxation, distraction, and biofeedback

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12
Q

Maladaptive coping strategies of Adaption syndrome

A

smoking, consuming alcohol or drugs, and overeating

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13
Q

Immune system

A

Self-regulated
Self-limiting
Must be able to distinguish self from non-self

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14
Q

First Line of Defense

A

Nonspecific - Does NOT distinguish between pathogens

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15
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Responds to antigens that penetrate the first line

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16
Q

Inflammatory response consist of?

A

Pyrogens
Interferons
Complement proteins

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17
Q

Inflammatory Reaction

A

erythema (redness), edema (swelling), heat, and pain at the site of injury

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18
Q

Process of Second Line of Defense

A

Vasoconstriction -> vasodilatation -> Leukocyte migration -> Phagocytosis of pathogens

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19
Q

Pyrogens

A

Fever producing molecules

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20
Q

Pyrogens produced by?

A

macrophages that have been exposed by bacteria

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21
Q

Interferons

A

do not protect cells already infected by a virus, but rather stop the spread of the virus to new cells.

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22
Q

Complement Proteins

A

form a membrane attack complex which attacks and kill the bacteria.

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23
Q

Third Line of Defense

A

Specific, Uses Memory system, Distinguishes

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24
Q

Third Line of Defense consist of?

A

T cells: cell-mediated immunity,

B cells: humoral (antibody) mediated immunity

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25
Two types of Acquired Immunity
Active immunity, Passive Immunity
26
Physiological Response to Stress
increased heart rate, increased respirations, diaphoresis (sweating), increased blood flow to muscles
27
Systems activated during the Physiological Response to Stress
sympathetic and the endocrine systems
28
Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
29
Alarm Stage
the fight-or-flight response
30
Resistance Stage
adaption, return to normal
31
Exhaustion
Adaption failing
32
Example of Local Adaptation Syndrome
seen in the local inflammatory reaction that results from tissue trauma.
33
Adaptive coping strategies of Adaption syndrome
physical activity, adequate sleep, optimal dietary status, relaxation, distraction, and biofeedback
34
Maladaptive coping strategies of Adaption syndrome
smoking, consuming alcohol or drugs, and overeating
35
Acquired Immunity
The immunity that is not present at birth but acquired after that.
36
Active immunity
disease and vaccinations, long lasting
37
Passive immunity
maternal-fetal transfer of immunoglobulins and breastfeeding, short lasting
38
Alterations in Immunity
Hypersensitivity , Autoimmune, immunodeficiency
39
Hypersensitivity
inflated immune response to a foreign substance
40
Autoimmune
mistakes self as non-self
41
Immunodeficiency
inadequate immune reaction
42
Classifications of Hypersensitivity Reactions
Type I (anaphylactic), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (Immune complex), Type IV (cell-mediated or delayed type)
43
Type I
IgE mediated
44
What do IgE antibodies bind to?
mast cells
45
Examples of Type I
hay fever, food allergies, and anaphylaxis
46
The response of Type I?
immediate
47
Type II
IgG or IgM type antibodies
48
Examples of Type II?
Blood transfusion reaction and erythroblastosis fetalis
49
Lysis of cells
occurs because of the activation of the complement followed by phagocytosis.
50
Type III
antigen-antibody complexes
51
Type III triggers?
the complement system and inflammation
52
Examples of Type III?
Autoimmune conditions
53
Type IV
cell-mediated rather than antibody-mediated
54
The response of Type IV?
delayed processing of the antigen by macrophages
55
Examples of Type IV?
tuberculin skin testing, transplant reactions, and contact dermatitis
56
Transplants
Making the best match of tissue antigens is the core for success
57
4 categories of transplants
Allogenic, Syngenic, Autologous, Xenogenic
58
Allogenic
donor and recipient are related or unrelated, but share similar tissue types
59
Syngenic
donor and recipient are identical twins
60
Autologous
donor & recipient are the same person; most successful
61
Xenogenic
transplants use tissue from another species. e.g., pig heart valves to replace diseased valves
62
Patterns of Transplant Reactions
Hyperacute, Acute, Chronic
63
Hyperacute
Immediate or 3 days after transplant
64
Acute
Most common occurs between 4 days and 3 months after transplant. Cell-mediated rejection
65
Chronic
Occurs 4 months to years after transplant
66
Transplant Reaction Classifications
Host vs Graft Disease, and Graft vs Host Disease
67
Graft vs Host Disease
graft fights host, Frequent and potentially fatal complication of bone marrow transplants, host’s cells are destroyed
68
Host vs Graft Disease
hosts fight grafts
69
Autoimmune Disorders
The mechanism that triggers this response is not clear, associated with an abnormal stressor
70
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
The chronic inflammatory, autoimmune condition affecting connective tissues.
71
when autoantigen combines it forms what?
immune complexes
72
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus reactions
Butterfly rash over the cheeks of the face, Photosensitivity, Arthritis, Antinuclear/Anti-DNA antibody
73
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus diagnosis
X-rays, elevated sedimentation rate, c-reactive protein, and blood testing for complications
74
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treatment
No cure, Stress management and health promotion behaviors, Pharmacological, Plasmapheresis
75
Immunodeficiency
Diminished or absent immune response, making an individual have a week immune system making them opportunistic to infections
76
Classification of immunodeficiency
Primary and secondary
77
Primary
Defect with the immune | system
78
secondary
Underlying disease suppressing the immune system
79
At Risk Individuals for Immune Dysfunction
Very young, very old, Corticosteroid therapy, chemotherapy, Immunodeficiency states
80
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) , deadly sexually transmitted disease by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
81
HIV infects?
CD4+ T cells
82
AIDS is the syndrome that?
appears in advanced stages of HIV infection
83
HIV is the virus?
attacks the T-cells in the immune system.
84
HIV transmission
Sexual contact, Parenteral inoculation, vertical transmission
85
Stages of HIV: A CDC Classification
Acute HIV infection, Clinical latency, AIDS
86
Stage 1: Acute HIV infection
A flu-like illness
87
Stage 2: clinical latency
asymptomatic HIV infection or chronic, HIV is still active but reproduces at very low levels
88
Stage 3: AIDS
the most severe phase of HIV infection
89
Symptoms of AIDS
Chills, fever, sweats, swollen lymph glands, weakness, and weight loss
90
Diagnosis of AIDS
CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3
91
AIDS treatment
There's no cure

Pathophysiology Summer 2019 (8 decks)

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