Chapter 7: Urinary Function Flashcards by Dr. Afsoon M

Urinary System Regulates

Fluid volume
Blood pressure 
Metabolic waste and drug excretion
Vitamin D conversion
Acid-base balance 
Hormone synthesis

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Whats part of the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

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Renal capsule

connective tissue surrounding the kidney

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Renal cortex

area immediately beneath the capsule, which contains the nephrons.

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Renal artery

supplies each kidney with blood

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Renal hilum

opening in the kidney the renal artery and nerves enter and the renal vein and ureter exit

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Renal sinus

cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis

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Calyces

tubes through which urine drains into the renal pelvis

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Kidneys

on either side of the vertebrae in retroperitoneal space

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Ureters

transports urine from the calyces to the bladder

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Bladder

muscular structure that serves as a reservoir for urine until it can be excreted

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Urethra

transports urine from bladder to urinary meatus

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Urination output

Normal daily urine output is 1,500 mL

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Renal Filtration

Each kidney contains 1-2 million nephrons

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Bowman’s capsule

double membrane that surrounds the glomerulus

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Glomerulus

cluster of capillaries

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Glomerular filtration rate

rate of blood flow through the glomerulus

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Hormonal Influences

Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

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Enuresis

Involuntary urination by a child after 4–5 years of age, Usually resolves with or without treatment

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Transient incontinence

temporary condition

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Alterations resulting in

impaired elimination, and renal function

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Stress incontinence

occurs when sphincter muscle of the bladder is weakened

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Urge incontinence causes?

urinary tract infections

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Overactive bladder

urge incontinence with no known cause

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Detrusor hyperreflexia

increased detrusor muscle contractility that occurs even though there is no sensation to void

Urinary incontinence caused by?

trauma or damage to the nervous system

Overflow incontinence

Inability to empty the bladder, or retention

Mixed incontinence

Occurs when symptoms of more than one type of urinary incontinence are experienced

Functional incontinence

prevents toileting in time

Gross total incontinence

continuous leaking/ large volumes of continuous leaking of urine

Complications of Incontinence

Recurrent urinary tract infections

Neurogenic Bladder

Bladder dysfunction caused by an interruption of normal bladder nerve innervation

Escherichia coli

most common culprit

Urinary Tract Infections

happen frequently in the Lower urinary tract

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder

Pyelonephritis

Infection that has reached one or both kidneys

Pyelonephritis can develop?

Abscesses and necrosis, and impairing renal function

Nephrolithiasis

Presence of renal calculi, hard crystals composed of minerals that the kidneys normally excrete

Calculi can form in?

renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder

Nephrolithiasis manifestations

colicky pain in the flank area that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin

Hydronephrosis

Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys

Wilms’ Tumor

Also known as nephroblastoma, primarily affects children, a solitary mass that can become quite large

Renal Cell Carcinoma

frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults, risk factors are being male and smoking

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Inherited disorder characterized by numerous, grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys

Autosomal dominant PKD

Mutation on the short arm of chromosome 16 and 4

Autosomal recessive PKD

Progresses rapidly, resulting in end-stage kidney failure and generally causing death in infancy or childhood

Glomerulonephritis

Bilateral inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that typically follows a streptococcal infection

Nephrotic syndrome results in?

increased glomerular capillary permeability, leading to marked proteinuria, lipiduria, hypoalbuminemia, and anasarca

Nephritic syndrome

Inflammatory injury to the glomeruli that can occur because of antibodies interacting with normally occurring antigens in the glomeruli

Renal Failure

Kidneys are unable to function adequately

Renal Failure classified as?

acute or chronic

Prerenal conditions

Extremely low blood pressure or blood volume

Intrarenal conditions

Reduced blood supply within the kidneys

Postrenal conditions

Ureter obstruction

Phases of Acute Renal Failure

1. Asymptomatic phase 2. Oliguric phase 3. Diuretic phase 4. Recovery phase

Oliguric phase

daily urine output decreases to approximately 400 mL or less, and waste products accumulate

Diuretic phase

daily urine output increases to as much as 5 L

Recovery phase

glomerular function gradually returns to normal

Chronic Kidney Disease

Gradual loss of renal function that is irreversible

Kidney damage present but GRF is?

GFR is <90

Kidney damage worsens as the GRF?

GFR falls (60-90)

Kidney function is significantly impaired as GFR is?

GFR is between 30-59

Chapter 7: Urinary Function Flashcards

(63 cards)