Chapter 9:GI Functions Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Gastrointestinal System functions?
A
Consumes, digests, and eliminates food
2
Q
Upper Division of Gastrointestinal System
A
oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, and
3
Q
Lower Division of Gastrointestinal System
A
small intestine, large intestine, and anus
4
Q
Hepatobiliary System of Gastrointestinal System
A
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
5
Q
The wall of the GI tract has four layers
A
mucosa (innermost), submucosa, muscle, and serosa
6
Q
Parietal peritoneum
A
outer layer
7
Q
Visceral peritoneum
A
inner layer
8
Q
Peritoneal cavity
A
space between the two layers
9
Q
Mesentery
A
containing blood vessels and nerves that supplies the intestinal wall
10
Q
Lower GI Tract
A
Absorbs nutrients and water
11
Q
Hepatobiliary System: Liver
A
One of the body’s few organs that can regenerate
12
Q
Main functions of Liver
A
Metabolize carbohydrates, protein, and fats, Store glucose, fats, and micronutrients and release when needed, Detoxify blood of potentially harmful chemicals, Produce bile
13
Q
Hepatobiliary System: Gallbladder
A
Stores bile produced by the liver
14
Q
Hepatobiliary System: Pancreas
A
Exocrine functions and Endocrine function
15
Q
Exocrine functions
A
produces enzymes, electrolytes, and water necessary for digestion
16
Q
Endocrine function
A
produces hormones to help regulate blood glucose
17
Q
Understanding Gastrointestinal Conditions
A
- Altered nutrition (underweight and vitamin deficient)
2. Impaired elimination (constipation and diarrhea)
18
Q
Cleft Lip and Palate
A
Common congenital defects and are multifactoral, affect the one’s appearance and may lead to problems with feeding, speech, ear infections, and hearing problems
19
Q
Cleft Lip
A
failure of the maxillary processes and nasal elevations or upper lip to fuse during development
20
Q
Cleft Palate
A
from failure of the hard and soft palate to fuse in development
21
Q
Pyloric Stenosis
A
Narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter muscle fibers become thick and stiff, making it difficult for the stomach to empty food into the small intestines
22
Q
Pyloric Stenosis Manifestations
A
projectile vomiting
23
Q
Pyloric Stenosis Cause
A
unknown, but genetics
24
Q
Dysphagia
A
Difficulty swallowing
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Dysphagia Causes
congenital, esophageal stenosis, and tumors
26
Dysphagia Manifestations
: a sensation of food being stuck in the throat, choking, “pocketing” food in the cheeks
27
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, Bile can also back up into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa
28
GERD causes
certain food, alcohol consumption, smoking
29
GERD Manifestations
heartburn, epigastric pain, regurgitation of food
30
GERD often confused with?
angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease
31
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach’s mucosal lining
32
Acute gastritis
transient irritation
33
Chronic gastritis
Develops gradually, epigastric pain
34
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
35
Helicobacter pylori
Most common cause of chronic gastritis, Erode the stomach’s protective mucosal barrier, Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
36
Complications of chronic gastritis
peptic ulcers, gastric cancer
37
Gastritis manifestations
dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding
38
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Lesions affecting the lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum. imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms.
39
Duodenal ulcers
H. pylori infections
40
Gastric ulcers
associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
41
Stress ulcers
Develops because of a major physiological stressor on the body, develops in the stomach, hemorrhage is the first indicator
42
Curling’s ulcers
duodenal ulcers associated with burns
43
Cushing’s ulcers
gastro-duodenal ulcers associated with head injuries
44
Diarrhea
Change in bowel pattern characterized by an increased frequency, amount, and water content of the stool
45
Acute diarrhea
Often caused by viral or bacterial infections
46
Chronic diarrhea
Last longer than 4 weeks, inflammatory bowel diseases
47
Originating in the small intestine
right lower quadrant
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Originating in the large intestine
left lower quadrant
49
Diarrhea Manifestations
Fluid, electrolyte, and pH imbalances
50
Constipation
Change in bowel pattern characterized by infrequent passage of stool in reference to the individual’s typical bowel pattern, stool remains in large intestine longer than usual
51
Constipation causes
low-fiber diet, inadequate physical activity
52
Constipation manifestation
inability to pass stool after straining or pushing for more than 10 minutes
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Constipation complications
hemorrhoids, intestinal obstruction
54
Intestinal Obstruction
Blockage of intestinal contents in the small intestine or large intestine.
55
Intestinal Obstruction causes
Mechanical obstructions and Functional obstructions
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Mechanical obstructions
tumors
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Functional obstructions
neurologic impairment
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Intestinal Obstruction complications
perforation
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Intestinal Obstruction can lead to
necrosis and Intestinal contents can seep into the abdomen as the pressure increases
60
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
61
Appendicitis complications
abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and death
62
Appendicitis Manifestations
(McBurney point), Indications of inflammation, infection, and peritonitis
63
Appendicitis treatment
Urgent diagnosis and treatment is crucial, surgery to treat
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Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
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Several protective mechanisms are activated
Exudate temporarily seals them off, Abscesses, Peristalsis may slow down
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Peritonitis Manifestations
abdominal rigidity, Indicators of infection, sepsis and shock
67
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Chronic inflammation of the GI tract, usually the intestine, Includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, autoimmune state that has been activated by an infection
68
Crohn’s Disease
Characterized by patchy areas of inflammation involving the full thickness of the intestinal wall and ulcerations (skip lesions)
69
Inflammation from Crohn's disease stimulates
intestinal motility, decreasing digestion and absorption
70
intestinal lumen during Crohn's disease becomes
narrowed and potentially obstructed
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intestinal wall during Crohn's disease
gives a cobblestone appearance
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Crohn’s Disease manifestations
abdominal cramping and pain, diarrhea, and constipation
73
Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammation causes epithelium loss, Necrosis of the epithelial tissue can result in abscesses, rectum and colon mucosa
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Ulcerative Colitis complications
malnutrition
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Ulcerative Colitis manifestations
diarrhea, abdominal cramping
76
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Chronic, non-inflammatory, GI condition characterized by exacerbations associated with stress, Less serious than IBD and does not cause permanent intestinal damage
77
Irritable Bowel Syndrome triggered by
hormone changes, food, and stress
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome manifestations
Stress and mood disorders often worsen symptoms, constipation or diarrhea
79
Cholelithiasis
stones (calculi) of varying sizes and shapes form inside the gallbladder
80
Cholecystitis
inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi
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Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
82
Hepatitis causes
infections (usually viral), alcohol, and autoimmune disease
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Nonviral Hepatitis
Not contagious
84
Viral hepatitis
Contagious, Can result in hepatic cell destruction, necrosis, hyperplasia, and scarring
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Acute hepatitis
Has three phases – an asymptomatic incubation phase and three symptomatic phases
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Chronic hepatitis
lasting longer than 6 months
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Fulminant hepatitis
rapidly progressing form that can quickly lead to liver failure
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Cirrhosis
Chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver resulting in decreased liver function
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Cirrhosis causes
Chronic alcohol abuse is the most frequent cause of cirrhosis in the United States, Hepatitis and leads to fibrosis
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Cirrhosis Manifestations
Jaundice, Ascites, Bile accumulation in the liver causes inflammation and necrosis, Clay-colored stools
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Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
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Pancreatitis causes
cholelithiasis , alcohol abuse
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Pancreatic injury causes
pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue and initiate autodigestion resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, and necrosis
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Pancreatic tissue is replaced by
fibrosis
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Acute Pancreatitis
Sudden and severe, medical emergency, Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating,
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Chronic Pancreatitis
Insidious, Upper abdominal pain
97
Pancreatitis treatment
Resting the pancreas by not eating
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Oral Cancer
Most are squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue and mouth floor
99
Oral Cancer risk factors
tobacco, alcohol, human papillomavirus
100
Oral Cancer treatment
Very treatable if caught early
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nodule or ulcerative lesion in Oral Cancer
does not heal, and bleeds easily
102
Esophageal Cancer
Usually a squamous cell carcinoma in the distal esophagus, Associated with chronic irritation
103
Esophageal Cancer complications
esophageal obstruction
104
Gastric Cancer
several forms, but adenocarcinoma is the most frequent type.
105
Gastric Cancer associated with
Strongly associated with increased intake of salted, cured, pickled, preserved, and smoked foods.
106
Gastric Cancer risk factors
H. pylori infections
107
Liver Cancer
Most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that has metastasized from the breast, lung, or from other GI structures
108
Liver Cancer causes
primary tumors: chronic cirrhosis and hepatitis
109
Liver Cancer manifestations
jaundice, and abdominal pain
110
Gastric Cancer Asymptomatic early stages
delaying diagnosis and treatment
111
Pancreatic Cancer
Aggressive malignancy that can quickly metastasize, Usually adenocarcinoma
112
Pancreatic Cancer Risk factors
chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, and tobacco use
113
Pancreatic Cancer manifestations
progressive upper abdominal pain, clay-colored stools
114
Colorectal Cancer associated with
excessive intake of fat, calories, red meat, processed meat, and alcohol as well as decreased fiber intake.
115
Colorectal Cancer manifestations
lower abdominal pain and tenderness, blood in the stool (occult or frank),
116
Colorectal Cancer
Often asymptomatic until well advanced
117
what can improve prognosis in Colorectal Cancer?
Routine screening
