Chapter 1 (history of drugs) Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
molecular pharm
A
drug design
2
Q
toxicology
A
study of toxic/poisonous drug effects
3
Q
clinical pharm
A
testing the therapeutic use of drugs
4
Q
pharmacodynamics
A
how drugs produce their effects
5
Q
pharmacokinetics
A
measured response time and dose
6
Q
bioavailability
A
fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation
7
Q
drugs
A
any biologically active substance
8
Q
medicine
A
a drug deliberately administered for therapeutic purposes
9
Q
drug use began
A
3000 bc
10
Q
uses of drugs
A
therapeutic
prevention
diagnostic
11
Q
therapeutic uses
A
antibiotics for infections
analgesic to control pain
hormone for HRT
12
Q
prevention uses
A
vaccinations
motion sickness
13
Q
diagnostic uses
A
thallium for exercise stress tests to show uptake into active/normal muscle
radiopaque contrast agents used in certain x ray procedures like IVP
14
Q
Natural source drugs (derived from plants)
A
digitalis (Lanoxin), scopolamine, atropine, ephedrine, galantamine (Reminyl), aspirin
15
Q
digitalis
A
Lanoxin: very narrow therapeutic window. Derived from foxglove plant and used to increase heart contraction strength
16
Q
scopolamine; atropine
A
from belladonna plant and used by women to dilate eyes originally
17
Q
ephedrine
A
from ephedra species and used as bronchodilator and decongestant
18
Q
galantamine
A
Reminyl: isolated from daffodil bulbs but only barely treats early Alzheimer’s
19
Q
Natural source drugs (derived from animal sources)
A
thryoid hormone, estrogen (Premarin), insulin
20
Q
thyroid hormone
A
derived from various animals for HRT
21
Q
estrogen
A
Premarin: from pregnant mare urine. Used originally to treat hot flashes in women that were post-menopausal
22
Q
insulin
A
used from cows and pigs originally until recombinant DNA technology could be applied so bacteria could make it
23
Q
Natural source drugs (from mineral sources)
A
potassium, lithium, iron, calcium, technetium, thallium, barium (last three used for radiology)
24
Q
dangers of using drugs from natural sources versus synthetic
A
melatonin from animal sources may contain prions, for example, while synthetic never would
25
Medicine before 1906
buyer beware; many patent drugs
26
patent drugs
drugs made with a recipe that are proprietary
27
Mrs. Winslow's tooth drops
cocaine given for child tooth aches
28
Dr. Bateman's pectoral drops
mixed opium, licorice, and camphor to help pain
29
late victorian age
opium dens led to many people addicted to opium chemicals
30
start of 20th century
Hamlin's wizard oil: patent drugs were still very prevalent
31
drug legislature began because
so many people were addicted to opium from misuse of drugs and nasty meat-packing conditions
32
Pure Food and Drug Act
Wiley Act: 1906.
F and D makers use pure ingredients and have accurate labeling
First federal drug legislature
33
Harrison Narcotic act
1914: Taxation and regulation of interstate commerce and helped with drugs of abuse (cocaine and heroine were now regulated)
34
1937
S.E. Marshal Co. created sulfanilamide using diethylene glycol as solvent
"Elixir sulfanilamide" killed over 100 people
created big changes in 1938
35
Food, drug, and cosmetic act
FDCA formed in 1938; replaced Wiley act and is still basic law we have today.
Required safety of drugs and FDA was formed
36
1960s
Thalidomide led to stricter FDA protections in the 1960s
Dr. Frances Kelsey stopped it from entering the US
Around this time efficacy had to proven too
37
Schedule drugs
new regulations were needed to tightly control "hippie" drugs that had organized crime supplying them
Require license to prescribe them
38
Controlled substance act
CSA in 1970: created to control hippie drugs
39
Drug enforcement agency
DEA formed in 1973 and established schedule drugs that were regulated by them
40
Schedule 1 drugs
no medical purpose; only used in labs for experiments
| LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide), ecstasy (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
41
schedule 2 drugs
still highly addictive, but have medical use and cannot be phoned in as a prescription
Percodan, denerol, opiods, Ritalin
42
schedule 3 drugs
moderate pain drugs usually, still effective but not as regulated
In California they cannot be phoned in or given in multiple refills
Tylenol 3, vicodin
43
Schedule 4 drugs
lithium, valium
44
schedule 5 drugs
cough syrups with low doses of codeine
45
orphan drugs
drugs for rare, "unprofitable" disorders
46
orphan drug act
1983: nobody was creating drugs for orphan conditions so government offered tax credits, exclusive marketing rights, and quicker approval FDA process
47
Dietary supplements and health education act
1994: loose and hard to enforce guidelines that allow many things to be sold under the guise of "health foods/supplements"
Companies can make crazy claims by marketing stuff as dietary supplements instead of medicine
48
FDA moderinization act
1997 revamp of FDCA by Clinton: drugs used for life threatening situations have shorter approval times for off label uses
49
Summary of Drug legislation
1938 FDCA (and 1962 and 1997 amendments) required approval of FDA to market drugs, accurate labels, generic name included, prove efficacy, warning labels, legend inscription
50
Prescription drug amendment act
1951: defined what drugs are Rx or OTC
| OTC usually half strength of Rx
51
Pharmaceutical milestones
1803 morphine from opium
1899 aspirin introduced
1908 sulfanilamide created
1922 insulin from animals
1942 peniclllin
1945 benadryl
1948 cortisone
1957 benzodiazepine (for anxiety disorders)
1958 haldol (for schizophrenia)
1967 Inderal (B blocker)
1977 Tagamet (H2 blocker)
1982 first recombinant DNA drug for HGH
1987 alteplase (TPA)
1987 AZT (zidovudine, Retrovir) for anti aids
1999 celebrex for arhritis
2000 many decongestants and appetite suppresants pulled for deaths
2001 anthrax attack created demand for fluroquinolone anitbiotic ciproflaxin
2002 botox created for wrinkles, now used for migraines
2006 Gardasil is first vaccine for cancer (cervical)
2007 Zyrtec is first drug to have same dose strength for Rx and OTC
Hep C can be cured by Harvoni (ledipasvir, sofosbuvir)
52
aspirin
acetylsalicylic acid: from willow bark
53
codeine
semi-synthetic drug derived from morphine because easier to take in oral form
54
myrrh
used historically as an anti-inflammatory
55
dimethyltryptamine
DMT: 1
56
ecstasy
MDMA: 1
57
GHB
1
58
heroin
1
59
LSD
1
60
PMA
1
61
psilocybin
1
62
Percocet
oxycodone and acetaminophen: 1
63
adderal
2
64
cocaine
2
65
hydromorphone
2
66
methylphenidate
Ritalin: 2
67
morphine
1
68
oxycodone
2
69
HCPs
hydrocodone combination products: 2
70
aprobarbital
Alurate, barbiturate: 3
71
butabarbital
Butisol, barbiturate: 3
72
butalbital
Fiorinal and Fioricet, barbiturate: 3
73
anabolic steroids
3
74
testosterone
3
75
alprazolam
Xanax; benzodiazepine, 4
76
diazeam
Valium; benzodiazepine, 4
77
codeine
5
78
Vicodin
hydrocodone and acetaminophen
79
tylenol and codeine (tylenol 3 and 4)
codeine and acetaminophen
80
legend drugs
prescription
81
Rx drugs
not safe unless under medical supervision`
82
propofol
anesthetic responsible for killing MJ
83
acetyl salicylic acid
aspirin: produce din 1899
84
salicylic acid
aspirin like drug used to burn off warts
85
Lamisil
cure for fungal infections of nails
86
digitalis
(Lanoxin): from foxglove plant
87
scopolamine and atropine
from Belladonna plant
88
ephedrine
from ephedra plant
89
galantamine
(Reminyl) from daffodil bulbs; treats early Alzheimer's
90
Premarin
conjugated estrogen; from pregnant mares' urine
91
human insulin
produced by recombinant DNA technology
92
natural source mineral medicines
calcium, iron, potassium, lithium
93
morhpine
isolated from opium poppy in 1803; an analgesic
94
sulfanilamide
"sulfa drug" with antibacterial properties; deadly when it was produced with diethylene glycol (antifreeze)
95
phenobarbital
first barbiturate sedative-hypnotic
96
cocaine
originally used in toothdrops for children; now a local anesthetic
97
heroin
an opioid derived from opium poppy; schedule 1
98
thalidomide
antinausea drug for pregnant women in europe in late 50s and early 60s
99
LSD
schedule 1 drug
100
Ecstasy
schedule 1 drug
101
Demerol
synthetic S2 opiod; not from opium poppy
102
Percocet
S2 opiod combined with acetaminophen
103
Ritalin
S2 amphetamine used for hyperactive children
104
Vicodin
tylenol with codeine: S3 opioids combined with acetaminophen. Low strengths can be OTC in Can, Mex, and Eng. Low doses in S5 cough syrups
105
Lithium
S4 mineral used for bipolar depression
106
Viagra
vasodilator
107
diazepam
Valium; S4 benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug.
108
lorazepam
Ativan; S4 benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug.
109
midazolam
Versed; S4 benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug.
110
Motrin
OTC NSAIDs
111
Aleve
OTC NSAIDs
112
Prilosec
popular OTC heartburn medicaiton
113
Tagamet
OTC antacid in different class than Prilosec
114
Benadryl
OTC antihistamine found by itself or mixed
115
ephedrine; pseudoephedrine
stimulants that are so abused now you must ask pharamcists to get them
116
Claritin
popular OTC anithistamine that works better for allergies than Benadryl
117
Zyrtec
popular OTC anithistamine that works better for allergies than Benadryl
118
Ciproflaxacin
Cipro: popular antibiotic Rx
119
Elavil
old antidepressant
120
Dilantin
common antiseizure drug
121
naloxone
Narcan: opioid receptor antagonist (blocks effects of morphine or heroin)
122
Flexeril
popular muscle relaxant
123
Bactrim
combination sulfa drugs used to treat bladder infections
124
Septra DS
combination sulfa drugs used to treat bladder infections
125
Zofran
modern, very effective anitnausea drug
126
tetracycline
old antibiotic used to treat acne often
127
Nitro-Bid
long acting nitroglycerine for chest pain
128
Nitrostat
tiny under the tongue emergency nitroglycerine pill
129
isotretinoin
Accutane: for severe cystic acne
130
gentamicin
antibiotic
131
Lunesta
Rx insomnia drug
132
Ambien
Rx insomnia drug
133
1803
Morphine form opium
134
1899
apsirin
135
1908
sulfanilamide
136
1922
insulin
137
1942
pinicillin
138
1945
benadryl
139
1948
cortisone
140
1957
first benodiazepine for anxiety disorders
141
1958
Haldol for Schizophrenia
142
1967
Inderal; first B blocker
143
1977
Tagamet; H2 antag
144
1982
human recombinant insulin first made (but in 1979 HGH was first made by recombinant)
145
1987
Alteplase; first TPA
146
1987
AZT (zidovudine, Retrovir); anti aids drugs
147
Celebrex
COX2 inhibitor for arthritis
148
2000
many decongestants and appetite suppressants withdrawn from market or reformulated b/c of phenylpropranolamine and ephedrine caused deaths
149
2001
Anthrax attacks on US create demand fro fluroquinolone antibiotic ciroflaxin
150
2002
Botox introduced for wrinkles; now for migraines
151
2006
Gardasil; first vaccine against cancer (this one for cervical)
152
2007
Zyrtec; first drug that is equal strength for Rx and OTC
153
2014
only 25 years from discovery of Hep C to cure, Harvoni (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir)
154
Harvoni
ledipasvir; sofosbuvir. Cure for Hep C, once a day pill for 12 weeks
155
1912
pehnobarbital introduced for epilepsy
