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Pre-pharmacology > Chapter 14 (ENT drugs) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 (ENT drugs) Flashcards

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1
Q

decongestants

A

epinepherine-like drugs, alpha agonists; vasoconstrictors used to reduce upper airway congestion; often combined with anithistamines in many cold remedies
Can be taken as spray or orally (better locally b/c you avoid systemic side effects for the most part)

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2
Q

ENT

A

ear, nose, and throat

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3
Q

NeoSynephrine

A

phenylephrine; nasal spray decongestant (only lasts about 4 hours)
Ingredient in most oral decongestants nowadays, even though in oral form they are not better than placebo (even though they still produce sympathomimetic side effects)

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4
Q

Afrin

A

oxymetazoline; alpha agonist, very good decongestant that lasts about 12 hours

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5
Q

Sudafed

A

pseudoephedrine; good decongestant but abused so heavily its hard to find now (only behind counter in pharmacies as OTC)
*does increase BP though, so bad for those with HTN or CHF so best to use nasally

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6
Q

allergy treatment

A

one of hardest things to do in medicine b/c it is so widespread. Treatments don’t make people feel better instantly; prophylactic treatment is best:
Reduce exposure to allergen, and taken anti-histamines before allergy season begins

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7
Q

antihistamines

A

H1 rc blockers for cells of ENT so histamine cannot bind to them when mast cells respond to allergens
They are found in many cold remedies even though they have no proved cold benefits

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8
Q

histamine

A

released by mast cells in response to allergens; one part of the allergic response

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9
Q

first gen antihistamines

A

older, inexpensive antihistamines that cause drowsiness b/c they cross the BBB (a side effect used in OTC sleep aids now)
Some are used for their anti-nausea effects

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10
Q

Benadryl

A

diphenhydramine; first gen antihistamine that works very quickly
Also used for anti-nausea effects

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11
Q

Phenegran

A

promethazine; like a first gen antihistamine (technically a phenothiazine that works like an antihistamine)
Also used for anti-nausea effects

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12
Q

doxylamine

A

first gen antihistamine; found in many cold and cough medicines meant to induce sleepiness (like Nyquil)
Shorter 1/2 life than Benadryl

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13
Q

Chlor-Trimeton

A

chlorpheniramine; first gen antihistamine that works very quickly

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14
Q

Claritin

A

loratidine; only early second gen antihistamine still on market

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15
Q

second gen antihistamines

A

better tolerated than sedating first gen antihistamines and work better at treating hay fever
*should be used prophylactically

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16
Q

Allegra

A

fexofenadine; newer second gen antihistamine

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17
Q

Zyrtec

A

cetirizine; newer second gen antihistamine

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18
Q

leukotrienes

A

eicosanoids produced in the AA pathway from lipoxegenase; inflammatory mediates involved with asthma and allergies

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19
Q

Leukotriene rc blockers

A

approved for treatment of asthma and severe hay fever not responding to antihistamine therapy
Can be combined with antihistamines to get great allergy relief
*all -leukast

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20
Q

Singulair

A

montelukast; leukotriene rc blocker

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21
Q

Accolate

A

zafirlukast; leukotriene rc blocker

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22
Q

Ultair

A

pranlukast; leukotriene rc blocker that is in late stage trials in America

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23
Q

mast cell stabilizers

A

coat mast cells and prevent the release of their histamine granules; inert drugs b/c they are unchanged in the body and don’t do anything physiologically
Used for allergies and asthma
*only effective prophylaxis b/c it must be used before the mast cell degranulates

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24
Q

NasalCrom

A

cromolyn sodium; mast cell stabilizer prototype that is still used widespread
*used nasally but also as solution that can be nebulized (turned into mist and inhaled) for lungs

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25
corticosteroids
Great drugs, but have terrible side e's if used long term; better to use locally to avoid the side e's Used in upper airway to treat airway inflammation (like in allergic rhinitis) All require Rx Named with -one
26
Flonase nasal spray
fluticasone; corticosteroid used for upper airway
27
Nasacort nasal spray
triamcinolone; coritcosteroid used for upper airway
28
Orabase
triamcinolone; corticosteroid applied to canker sores in mouth although there is no proven benefit
29
strep throat antibiotic treatment problem
people feel better after a couple days of antibiotics so they stop taking antibiotics and then rheumatic heart disease can develop (in 1% of untreated infections) which can lead to heart valve replacement that is necessary Also antibiotic resistance is built
30
antibiotics to treat oral conditions
pen VK, amoxicillin, Biaxin (clarithromycin), Cipro (ciproflaxacin)
31
antibiotics in topical creams and ointments
Bactroban (mupirocin) and neosporin; used for things like impetigo or outer ear infections (too toxic for internal use)
32
impetigo
"school sores" red sores on face, especially around child's nose and mouth
33
Bactroban
mupirocin; carboxylic acid type antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis; used for things like outer ear infections (too toxic for internal use)
34
Neosporin
antibiotic ointment; original formula is neomycin (aminoglycoside) and polymyxin B for gram negative bacteria, and bacitracin for gram positive bacteria
35
Ocean Spray
salt water/saline; very good for use in irrigating nose when there is an infection
36
swimmers ear
otitis externa; outer ear infection (which is a dermatitis)
37
otitis externa treatment
anibiotic solutions and suspensions are used, often with combinations with corticosteroid (or antifungal in some cases)
38
Floxin Otic
ofloxacin; otic solution of fluoroquinolone antibiotic; used for things like outer ear infections (too toxic for internal use)
39
viral ENT infection
often saline nasal spray is helpful, otherwise symptomatic therapy is used (Afrin, tylenol, sleep aid, etc.); except when specific therapy can be used (influenza, RSV, herpes) Secondary bacterial infections often complicate the primary viral therapy; usually manifested as worsening symptoms after a short period of recovery
40
symptomatic therapy
therapy directed at symptoms of illness and not underlying cause of disease
41
influenza treatment
Relenza (zanamivir) or Tamiflu (oseltamivir); IIV4 to prevent
42
herpetic cold sore treatment
acyclovir type drugs
43
RSV treatment
ribavirin; guanosine (ribonucleic) analog used to stop viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping, thus, it is a nucleoside inhibitor
44
antifungals for ENT use
nystatin, miconazole, and clotrimazole used as "swish and swallow" for oral thrush or some sinus infections
45
antitussives
suppress cough by working on cough center in brain stem (medulla) or by anesthetizing the stretch receptors in the respiratory tract *some coughs should not be suppressed though, like pneumonias where it is important to clear pooled mucous
46
narcotic antitussives
best antitussive drugs we have; any opioid works
47
codeine/morphine
classic narcotic antitussives
48
Hycodan
hydrocodone; opioid used as an antitussive
49
DM or DXM
dextromethorphan; used more commonly than opioids as an antitussive b/c it is not a pure opioid agonist (non-addicting opioid-like drug) and b/c it is OTC *is often accidentally overdosed b/c of ubiquity in OTC medications, just like acetaminophen is
50
expectorants
aka mucolytics; reduce thickness of mucous to make patients more easily cough it up
51
guaifensin
expectorant; used in many OTC cough and cold medications (like Robitussin) Used for centuries and is derived from the guaiac tree
52
vertigo
disorder with equilibrium of the inner ear; often caused from a temporary viral infection or can be sign of more serious inner ear disease Feeling of spinning and nausea produced is very disconcerting
53
vertigo treatment
antihistamines and other anticholinergic drugs are used to treat vertigo and motion sickness
54
Dramamine
dimenhydrinate; antihistamine used OTC to prevent motion sickness and treat vertigo
55
Transderm Scop
scopolamine; belladonna anticholinergic drug used OTC to prevent motion sickness and treat vertigo
56
Xylocaine
4-10% topical cocaine; our best decongestant and great local anesthetic (1-2% when injected for dental procedures) *but is a controlled substance so rarely used; instead just use NeoSynephrine with lidocaine
57
Beconase
beclomethasone; corticosteroid used for intranasal admin
58
Nasonex
mometasone; corticosteroid used for intranasal admin
59
Mycelex
clotrimazole; antifungal used as a "swish and swallow" liquid for thrush
60
Mycostatin
nystatin; antifungal used as a "swish and swallow" liquid for thrush
61
Chloromycetin Otic Drops
chloramphenicol; antibiotic used for things like outer ear infections (too toxic for internal use)
62
Cerumenex ear drops
used to soften ear wax
63
LAs for ENT
local anesthetics for ENT; sodium channel blockers to stop nerve transmissions benzocaine and lidocaine
64
silver nitrate
chemical cautery sticks used for cauterizing nosebleeds and cuts in shaving
65
Vicks VapoRub
mentholated (eucalyptus oil) based petroleum jelly
66
Allegra-D
combination product: fexofenadine (antihistamine) and pseudoephedrine (decongestant) D for decongestant
67
Claritin-D
combination product; loratadine and pseudoephedrine
68
NyQuil
combination product; phenylephrine (decongestant), doxylamine (1st gen antihistamine), dextromethorphan (opioid-like antitussive), and acetaminophen (analgesic; antipyretic)
69
Otobiotic Otic
combination product; hydrocortisone (corticosteroid) and polymyxin B (antibacterial)

Pre-pharmacology (27 decks)

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