1. baptism 2. confirmation (become adult church member) 3. penance (confession to priest) 4. Holy Eucharist (communion) 5. Extreme Unction (last rights) 6. matrimony (only Catholics marry eachother) 7. Holy Orders (priests, nuns, monks)

Chapter 1 Test: 8/26 Flashcards by Devin D.

Structure of Catholic Church

Presbyters- priests of local villages
Bishop- over a diocese (a cluster of churches)
Archbishop- in charge of several diocese
Patriarch- in charge of several Archbishops

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5 Patriarchal Cities of the Time

Constantinople, Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch

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7 Sacrements

baptism
confirmation (become adult church member)
penance (confession to priest)
Holy Eucharist (communion)
Extreme Unction (last rights)
matrimony (only Catholics marry eachother)
Holy Orders (priests, nuns, monks)

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Capital of HRE

Aix-La-Chapelle

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Clovis

First German King to become Catholic

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Charles Martel

wins battle of Tours which stops the Muslims from entering into Europe

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Pepin the Short

makes a deal with the Pope where he will give him land if the Pope supports him as king

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Charlemagne

becomes king after a deal with the Pope; now Pope’s will claim they have power to choose the king

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Petrine Theory

Peter was head of the church on Earth as Jesus’ successor, the Pope is Peter’s successor, therefore the Pope has the power of Jesus on Earth

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Donation of Constantine

Emperor of Constantine endowed the Bishop of Rome as governor of the city. Later to be found as forgery.

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Asceticism

denial to one’s self of lawful pleasure or the infliction upon one’s self of unnecessary hardships in order to discover some hidden truth through some form of supernatural revelation

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St. Anthony of Egypt

first monk; creates Antonian System

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St. Basil of Greece

establishes first montestary

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purposes of montestaries

manual labor

2. worship

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St. Benedict

founder of Latin monasticism: chastity, poverty, labor, worship in montestaries

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Uliflas

missionary sent to convert goths; first to translate the Bible into German

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King of Kent

first English king to be converted to Catholicism

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Council of Chalcedon

purpose: to discuss the nature of Christ
Eastern: Christ totally divine, not man at all
Western: Christ was divine AND man

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important factors of the split of the Catholic church

icons (images, pictures, statues of Jesus)

Pope of Rome and Constantinople excommunicate eachother

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3 fields system

only two fields are used by farmers a year while the other one cultivates as the fields are rotated yearly

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merchant guilds

association within town of merchants
could tax non-member merchants
set standards, prices, rules, and regulations

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craft guilds

establish wages, standards

apprentice–> journeyman –> master craftsman

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fuedalism

land ownership in exchange for personal loyalty

scutage

allowed a knight to “buy out” of the military service due to the Crown

investiture

ceremony where king gives land and rank to a duke

Aristotle

becomes the standard of thinking and education and politics

Thomas Aquinas

writes Summa Theologica: faith and reason don't conflict

Cluny, France

reform of Catholic church starts here

goals of the reform

1. clergy needs to be looked up to not down on | 2. would only recognize pope's authority

Pope Nicholas II

declares that all future Pope's must be elected by the College of Cardinals

Pope Gregory VII's Reformation criteria

1. the world is a religious community centered by the Pope 2. the church is judge/guide of all human actions 3. the pope can judge/punish rulers like kings 4. priesthood must be celibate 5. no seperation of church and state: the church is as powerful as the king if not more

lay investiture

HRE King Henry IV says that kings can appoint religious clergy

result of lay investiture

Pope Gregory VII rejects it; declares Henry IV as a fraud and excommunicates him and his supporters (including the priests Henry had appointed) Henry pilgrimaged to Cannosa for the forgiveness of the Pope who accepts it but Henry ignores and still appoints clergy and is excommunicated again

Concordant of Worms

Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV settle dispute 1. Pope appoints bishops 2. in affairs of state bishops are loyal to king 3. in affairs of church, bishop is loyal to the Pope 4. king gave up power of lay invesiture

purpose of the Crusades

1. free holy lands from Muslims 2. unite all Christians 3. encourage nobility to unite (no feudalism)

1st Crusade

most successful | takes over Jerusalem

Golden Mean

modernization through Western Europe

Greek form of Government

City-States (Athens, Sparta, etc)

The Republic

written by Plato

Herodatus

"father of history"

Classical Virtues

1. order 2. balance 3. symmetry 4. clarity 5. control

Pax Romana

period of peace within Rome

Roman Law

Rome's greatest contribution to modern society

Virgil

wrote Aeneid (poetry/literature)

Kalaf

leader of Islam

Constantine

1st Christian emporer

Latin

official language of HRE

St. Augustine

writes City of God which discuses man's subjection to a higher power and the two worlds: temporal (Earth) and eternal (Heaven

changes in early Christianity

1. stresses the importance of each soul 2. defines end of Earth/afterlife 3. man should help fellow man 4. political power comes from God

Justinian Code (Corpis Juris)

1. Digest: collection of extracts form the writings of lead Roman emporers 2. Code: statutes 3. Institutes: textbook for law 4. Novels: laws passed after Justinian Code

elements of Roman Law

1. all men are equal before the law | 2. people have a right to legal protection

Cicero

"father of Latin pros"

Horace

writer of Odes (poems)

Ptolemy

said Earth is the center of the universe

Thucydides

wrote history of war between Greek city-states