Chapter 9 Test: 4/10 Flashcards by Devin D.

list the 3 main states before Italian Unification

Piedmont Sardenia
Papal States
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

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Who ruled Piedmont Sardenia?

the house of Savoy

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What was the most industrial part of Italy?

Piedmont Savoy

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Who ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies?

the Bourbon Dynasty

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By uniting, Italy is trying to avoid the interference of what other countries?

France and Austria

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What is “Italian Resurgemento”?

resurgence and unification in Italy

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Who was Giusseppe Giribaldi?

leader of the Thousand Red Shirts, a unification movement

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Who were the rulers of Sardenia?

King Emmanuel II

Prime Minister Cavour

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What does Cavour do to improve Sardenia?

sets up constitutional monarchy

a major architect for the new government

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How does Louis Napoleon try to get out of the Austro-Sardenian War?

he arranges a secret meeting with Austrian ruler Franz Joseph at Villa of Frauca

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Where do the Prussians mobilize troops during the Austro-Sardenian War?

the Rhine River

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What treaty ends the Austro-Sardenian War?

Treaty of Zurich

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What are the conditions of the Treaty of Zurich?

Lombardy goes to Sardenia

2. Venetia Stays with Austria

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Who leads the Rebellion in Sicily?

Garibaldi and thousands of citizens overthrow the government

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What is Cavour’s fear?

Garibaldi is trying to get Rome, but he fails

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What kind of regional differences plague Italy?

South: Agriculture
North: Industry

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How do the Catholics feel about unification in Italy?

the pope condemned it and the Catholics are suspicious since the pope lost land with the formation of the new country

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What does “Italica Irredenta” mean?

unredeemed Italy

describes territories that should be included, but aren’t

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list the 5 main German states before unification

Austria
Prussia
Hanover
Saxony
Bavaria

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What was the German Bund?

a union of 38 states which met in Frankfurt to govern

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Who controls the German Bund?

Austria, which the Prussians resent

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What was the Zollverien?

an attempt by Prussia to remove internal tariffs in Germany, excluding Austria

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list the two types of German unification ideas

Large Germany: include Austria

2. Small Germany: exclude Austria

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What was the Frankfurt Parliament?

an attempt to create a Federal Empire, but fails because Prussian King Frederick rejects the offer to rule

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Who is unification finally established under?

Prussian leadership

Who rules under German unification?

King Wilhelm I | Chancellor Bismarck

What is Real Politik?

the idea that perfect utopian society isn't achievable and therefore should be disregarded and government should instead act in it's own best interest

Who develops and practices Real Politik?

Chancellor Bismarck

What was the Schleswig-Holstein Question?

Hanover and Saxony (German states) send troops to Denmark to fight over the territory

What settled the Scheswig-Holstein battle?

the Treaty of Vienna which gives Prussia and Austria the territory

What treaty ends the Austro-Prussian War?

Treaty of Prague

What were the conditions of the Treaty of Prague?

1. German Bund is destroyed | 2. Northern German Confederation is formed (an alliance between Northern states and Prussia)

What started the Franco-Prussian War?

Bismarck edits some telegraphs and such to make the French angry after the 2nd Ems Meeting

Who do the French ask to rule Spain, to which the Prussians object?

Leopold of Hoenzallen

What was the most important battle of the Franco-Prussian War and why?

Battle of Sedan | Louis Napoleon is captured

Where is German Unification made official?

Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles

What treaty ends the Franco-Prussian War?

the Treaty of Frankfurt

What were the conditions of the Treaty of Frankfurt?

1. France must pay indemnity of $5 billion | 2. Alsace Loraine is given to Germany

Who rules the German empire?

Kaiser Willhelm I | Chief Minister Bismarck

What is Germany's reputation as a result of unification?

Germany is most feared nation in Europe due to wealth and military power

What was Bismarck's goal for German foreign policy?

isolate France

What countries made up the First Three Emperors League?

1. Germany 2. Russia 3. Austria-Hungary

What countries made up the Triple Alliance?

1. Germany 2. Austria-Hungary 3. Italy

Who is made president of France's Third Republic after Louis Napoleon is captured?

Adolphe Theirs, who negotiates peace with Germany

After the treaty between Germany and France, what happens?

the Commune (revolutionary radical government) is crushed

What was the Panama Canal Scandal?

some government regulators take bribes, even though the canal workers have a high death rate and engineering difficulties

What was the Boulanger Affair?

Georges Balanger (Minister of War) is charged with safety against the state after an attempt to take down the republic and flees to Belgium where he committs suicide

What is the Dreyfus Affair?

Alford Dryfus (a Jew) is charged with espionage and sent to jail to die, but later Picquart discovers that Esterhazy is actually the spy and leaks it to a member of the press, Zolah, so Dryfus is freed and Esterhazy flees

What territory does France gain during this time period?

Indo-China (Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia)

Who is the colonial rival of France?

Great Britain

What is Austria-Hungary's nickname?

the Dual Monarchy

Who is the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary?

Franz Joseph

What created the Austria-Hungary Empire?

The Compromise of 1867

Who was Deak Ferenec?

"Wise Man of the Nation" who was in favor of the empire

What are some examples of things jointly operated in the empire?

1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2. Ministry of War 3. Ministry of Finance 4. Same Monarch, Separate Parliaments

What is the largest minority in the A-H empire?

Slavs

What did the Jewish Emancipation Act of 1868 do?

grants Jews equality before the law

What was Alexander II's main focus at tsar of Russia?

reform

What were Zemstvos?

local councils composed of nobility set up to govern things like schools and medical care leaders of the reformation in Russia

What was the Emancipation Act of 1861?

it ended serfdom in Russia

What group came out of the Nihilist Movement in Russia?

The People's Will | this group eventually assassinates the tsar

Who is the Minister of the Interior and what does he do?

Mikhail Loris-Meikov | he promotes reform within the police force

What kind of governmental change does Alexander II promote?

he wants a constitution, but this dissolves when he is assassinated

Who was the Prime Minister who lead the liberals?

William Gladstone

Who was the Prime Minister who lead the conservatives?

Benjamin Disraeli

What were the big issues in England at the time?

1. Ireland | 2. suffrage reform

Describe a typical Liberal (Whig)

``` large land owners involved in trade/commerce laissez-faire civil rights extend suffrage ```

Describe a typical Conservative (Tory)

``` military officers landed gentry (people who want titles) most middle class people ```

What is Ireland trying to do?

disestablish the church of Ireland, and succeeds when Queen Victoria intervenes

What does the Irish Land Act do?

1. provides protection over rent increases | 2. provides compensation for improvements

What was the Education Act of 1870?

creates public elementary schools

Who leads military reform in England?

Edward Cardwell

How does Cardwell reform the military?

1. expands reserves 2. shortens enlistment term 3. ends practice of purchasing commissions

What was the Trade Union Act of 1875?

allows unions more freedom in strikes

What was the Artisans Dwelling Act?

gave government authority to condemn slums and knock them down

What was the Food and Drug Act?

regulated anything sold OTC

What was the Public Health Act?

establishes codes for sanitation

What was the Factory and Workshop Act?

establishes industrial codes and regulations

What two key things happen under Disraeli's leadership?

1. Suez Canal is constructed | 2. Victoria is made Empress of India

What key event happens under Gladstone and causes the Liberals to lose power?

Mahdi leads a revolt against the British Garrison in Sudan and the British soldiers are killed

Who leads the British in Sudan?

General Charles "Chinese" Gordon

What issue causes the Liberal party to finally split?

Irish are given their own parliament