Chapter 2 Test: 9/18 Flashcards
0
Q
Purpose of Hanseatic League
A
Control trade in North and Baltics
1
Q
Consequences of Bubonic Plague
A
- Kills 2/3 of population
- Growth of urban centers as people move in
- Hanseatic League forms
2
Q
Causes of 100 Yrs War
A
- King of England resents being a vassal to king of France
2. King of England claims French throne
3
Q
English Advantage in 100 Yrs War
A
Create long bow which can penetrate armor
4
Q
Battle of Agincourt
A
100 Yrs War
English victory
5
Q
Siege of Orleans
A
French victory led by Joan of Arc
6
Q
Joan of Arc
A
Led French in Siege of Orleans
Captured by English and charged with witchcraft; executed
7
Q
Outcome of 100 Yrs War
A
English lose war and land except Calais
8
Q
Important Italian States
A
- Venice
- Milan
- Florence
9
Q
Important German States
A
- Austria
- Brandenburg
- Bavaria
10
Q
Albigensians
A
- History is struggle between good and evil
- Satan created Earth
- Jehovah is god of evil
Crushed by Pope’s crusades
11
Q
Waldensians
A
Founded by Peter Waldo
Bible is sole rule of life
12
Q
Wycliffes
A
Founded by John Wycliffe
First to translate Bible to English which launches Protestant Reformation in the UK
13
Q
Lollards
A
- Clergy members are too worldly
2. Urged social reform
14
Q
Hussites
A
Founded by John Huss (catholic priest)
Criticized wealth of church
Declared heretic; burnt at stake
15
Q
Beginning of Great Schism
A
King Phillip IV of France decides to tax church land
Pope Bonaface VII is furious
Phillip arrests Bonaface, makes Clement V Pope
Clement moves to Arignon France
16
Q
Unam Sanctum
A
Issued by Bonaface in response to Phillip
Says there is no salvation outside of church so all are required to submit to Pope’s authority
17
Q
Nickname of Great Schism
A
Babylonian Captivity
18
Q
Cause of Great Schism
A
Clement dies, replaced by Gregory, who dies in Rome
Italians make Urban VI pope, French Make Clement VI pope
Now 2 Popes exist
19
Q
Council of Pisa
A
Created to elect real pope
John XXII is elected
French don’t accept this
20
Q
Council of Constance
A
Finally real, sole pope is elected: Martin V
21
Q
Conciliar Movement
A
- Establish sancro sancto: council > pope
2. Frequens: council must meet every 10 yrs
22
Q
Result of Conciliar Movement
A
Church weakened
23
Q
Humanism
A
The beauty and goodness of man and the world and the Classics are stressed
24
Why did the Renassiance start in Italy?
1. Economic: center of trade
2. Merchants: wealthy able to support art
3. Heritage of Rome: the ancient capital
25
Effects of Rennasiance on Humanities
1. Increase in civic leadership/consciousness
| 2. Virtue: the quality of being a man, seizing all opportunities
26
Effects of Rennasiance on Literature
1. Vernacular is used
| 2. Clergy aren't only writers
27
Petrarch
"First Man of Letters"
| The Christian writer must cultivate literary eloquence so that he could inspire people to do good
28
Effect of Rennasiance on Education
1. Emphasis on classics
| 2. Emphasis on rhetoric
29
Rennasiance Outside of Italy
Focused on religion
| Emphasis on using classics to deepen Biblical understanding
30
Mysticism
Idea that the soul in perfect solitude can commune with God without clergy/church
31
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Gives Greek translation of New Testament
| Wrote Praise of Folly: uses satire to criticize nobility, argue that life is improved through Christian principles
32
1400s Power Struggle Components
1. King: provides stability through hereditary monarchy
2. Nobility
3. Church
4. Middle Class
33
Sales Populi Supreme Lex
Welfare of the people is highest law
34
Quod principi pla cubit legas habet vigoren
What pleases the prince is the law
35
War of the Roses: fight over throne between...
1. House of York
| 2. House of Lancaster
36
Results of War of the Roses
1. Monarchy is strengthened
2. Many nobles died
3. Crown gained property through confiscation from the enemy
4. Tudor dynasty comes to power
37
Henry VII
Comes to power after War of Roses
Abolishes livery and maintenance
Restores nations economy
38
Henry VIII
Married a lot to produce male heir
Has Mary, Elizabeth, Edward
Strong catholic
39
Cardinal Thomas Wolsely
Under Henry VIII
| Fired when he doesn't get Henry a divorce from Catherine
40
Thomas Cromwell
Replaces Wolsley as chancellor under Henry VIII
| Suppressed montestaries
41
Defense of 7 Sacrements
Written by Henry VIII
42
Act of Supremacy
Passed by parliament to make king head of Church of England
43
Edward VI
Son/heir to throne of Henry VI
Dies at age 16 after sickly life
England's first Protestant king
44
Lady Jane Grey
Queen for 9 days after Edward dies
| Kicked out when Mary Tudor seizes throne
45
Mary Tudor
Goal: kill Protestants; make England Catholic
| Dies of stomach tumor
46
Elizabethan Compromise
Include as many Catholics/Protestants as possible in royal cabinet
47
Mary Queen of Scotts
Elizabeth's cousin
Supposed to marry Dauphin but he dies
Possible heir to English throne
48
Sea dogs
Englishmen who raid Spanish ships
49
Spanish Armada
Response by King Phillip to sea dogs/Protestants
| Plans to kill Elizabeth but English win by "Protestant Wind"
50
Louis XI
Considered architect of France's absolute monarchy
51
Concordat of Bologna
Agreement with church by Francis I giving king control over national clergy and guaranteeing anates
52
Franco-Ottoman Alliance
alliance under Francis I between France and Ottoman
53
Types of HRE states
1. Princely States
2. Ecclesiastical States
3. Imperial Free Cities
4. Independent Knights
54
Who picks the HRE emperor?
9 prominent electors
| But emperor must guarantee states independence
55
Rudolph
First Hapsburg HRE emperor, creates trend of Hapsburg emperors
56
Maximilian I
Attempts to expand imperils through marriage
57
Charles V
Maximilian's grandson by Joanna & Phillip
| king of HRE & Spain, largest territory under any ruler ever
58
Charles V's goals
1. Restore imperial authority and bring peace to Europe
2. Dynastic prince of Austria and Spain; gain territory
3. Rule as a Christian and stop Islam/Protestants using divine right of kings
59
Ferdinand
Brother of Charles V
| Elected king by Hungarian parliament to protect them (specifically from the Turks)
60
Patronage
Rewards in exchange for loyalty
61
Reconquista
Spanish effort to drive out Moors
| Completed in 1492 when Grenada is conquered
62
Cortez
Spanish parliament
63
When does Spain become unified?
When Ferdinand marries Isabella
| Previously only unified through Catholic church
64
Cardinal Ximenes of Cisneros
Reforms clergy
| Enhances image of Catholic Church
65
Spanish Inquisition
Purpose: root out heresy among the converted Jews
Jews & Moors expelled from Spain
66
Why we're the common people dissatisfied with the Catholic Church?
The church was too wealthy and worldly
67
Why was the middle class dissatisfied with the Catholic Church?
1. Church and government too closely entwined
| 2. Want to manage their own religious affairs
68
Why were rulers dissatisfied with the Catholic Church?
Constant conflict over taxes, property, legal jurisdiction
69
Ius Reformadi
Right & power to reform specifically religion
70
Purpose of Protestant reformation
To reform Catholic Church, later broke away
71
Spark of Protestant Reformation
95 Theses: written by Luther and nailed to church door
72
Main Points of 95 Theses
1. Man is justified by faith alone
2. Pope is unnecessary
3. Clergy should marry (anti-celibacy)
4. Monasticism should be abolished
73
Papal Bull
Pope orders Luther to recant his theses or be excommunicated
| Luther responds by burning it publicly
74
Diet of the Empire at Verms
Emperor orders Luther to appear but he declines
| Flees to Saxony where he translates Bible into German
75
Against the Murdering Hordes of Peasants
By Luther
1. Responsibility to obey rulers
2. Rulers should crush revolts
76
League of Schmalkald
Germans support Luther and oppose Charles V
| Assisted by Francis I of France
77
Peace of Augsburg
Ends war between Charles and Francis
78
Ecclesiastical Reservation
Any churchman who converted to Lutheranism cannot take property with him
79
John Calvin
Writes Institutes of Christian Religion
Forms Presbyterian church
Preaches predestination
80
theocracy
Government based on religion
81
What were Calvinists called in Scotland, England, & France?
Scotland: Presbyterians
England: Puritans
France: Hugenots
82
Ulrich Zwingli
Believes in consubstantiation
83
Annabaptists
Big in Germany and Switzerland
| Said no baptizing infants
84
Council of Trent
1. Launches counter reformation
| 2. Restate Sacraments and beliefs of the church
85
St. Ignatius of Loyola
Creates Society of Jesus: Jesuits
86
Jesuit Goals
1. Educate upperclass
| 2. International mission work
87
Interdict
Excommunicating an entire community
88
Alberti
Wrote On the Family: the nuclear family was instituted by nature for the well being of humanity
89
Valla
1. Founder of contextual criticism
| 2. Proved the Donation of Constantine a forgery while working for the king of Naples
90
Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince: the supreme obligation of a ruler is to maintain the power and safety of the country
91
Castiglione
Defined Renaissance Man: well rounded = civilized and learned
92
Codex Vaticanus
Dating from the fourth century it was the best and most important manuscript of the Bible until the discover of one on Mt. Sinai in 1859
93
Causes of the end of the Italian Renaissance
1. War
| 2. Waning in Italian prosperity when trade routes shift to Atlantic Ocean
94
Christian Humanism
Studied Latin and Greek in order to deepen their understanding of Christianity and to restore its moral vitality
95
Handbook of a Christian Night
Written by Erasmus
| Said man can be civicly involved and still be a faithful Christian
96
Sir Thomas Moore
Wrote Utopia
97
Utopia
Condemnation of
1. Poverty undeserved
2. Wealth unearned
3. Drastic punishments
4. Religious persecution
5. Slaughter of war
98
Nicolaus Copernicus
Heliocentric theory: the sun is center of the galaxy and the planets revolve around it
99
Johannes Kepler
The orbit of the earth is an oval
100
Galileo
Proves Copernicus's theories when he invents and uses telescope
101
Andreas Versalius
Wrote On the Structure of the Human Body
| First anatomical guide
