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Anatomy > Chapter 1- The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1- The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy

A

Study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts

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2
Q

What are the 2 levels of anatomy

A

.Gross anatomy

.Microscopic anatomy

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3
Q

What’s the definition Of gross anatomy

A

Large, easily observable structures

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4
Q

What’s the definition of microscopic anatomy

A

Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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5
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ systems
  6. Organisms
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6
Q

What are the 3 things that from the integumentary system

A

. Hair
. Skin
. Fingernails

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7
Q

What does the integumentary system do

A

It waterproofs the body, cushions and protects deeper tissue, produces vitamin D, Excretes salt, regulates body temp and is the location of cutaneous nerve receptors

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8
Q

What are the 4 things that form the skeletal system

A

. Cartilage
. Ligaments
. Joint
. Bones

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9
Q

What does the skeletal system do

A

Provides muscle attachment, protects vital organs, site of blood cell formation and stores minerals

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10
Q

What does the muscular system do

A

Contract muscles and produces bone movements

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11
Q

What are the 4 things that make up the nervous system

A

. Brain
. Sensory receptor
. Spinal cord
. Nerves

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12
Q

What are the 4 things about the nervous system

A

. Fast acting control system
. Responds to internal and external stimuli
. Sensory receptors send messages to the central nervous system
. Central nervous system asses information and activates effectors

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13
Q

What are the 8 things that make up the endocrine system

Male or Female

A 
. Pineal Gland
. Pituitary gland
. Thyroid gland
. Thymus gland
. Adrenal gland
. Pancreas
. Testis
. Ovaries
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14
Q

What does the endocrine System do

A

It secretes hormones into the blood

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15
Q

What are the 3 body functions controlled by the hormones from the endocrine system

A

. Growth
. Reproduction
. Use of nutrients

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16
Q

What are the 2 things that make up the cardiovascular system

A

Heart and blood vessels

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17
Q

What does the heart do

A

Pumps blood

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18
Q

Where do vessels transport blood

A

Tissue

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19
Q

What are the things in the blood transported by the vessels

A 
. Oxygen 
. Carbon dioxide 
. Nutrients
. Hormones
. White blood cells
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20
Q

What are the 3 things that make up the lymphatic system

A

. Lymphatic vessels
. Lymph nodes
. Lymphoid organs

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21
Q

What are the 3 things the lymphatic system does

A

. Complements the cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids back to the blood stream
. Lymph nodes and organs cleanse the blood
. Houses white blood cells

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22
Q

What are the 6 things that make up the respiratory system

A 
. Nasal Cavity
. Pharynx
. Larynx 
. Trachea
. Bronchi
. Lungs
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23
Q

What are the 3 things the respiratory system does

A

. Exchanges gasses with the blood through air sacs in the lungs
. Supplies the body with oxygen
. Removes carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What are the 6 things that make up the digestive system

A 
. Oral cavity
. Esophagus 
. Stomach
. Small intestine
. Large intestine
. Rectum
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25
Q

What are the 3 things the digestive system does

A

. Breaks down food
. Allows for nutrient absorption into the blood
. Eliminates indigestible material as feces

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26
Q

What are the 4 things that make up the urinary system

A

. Kidney
. Ureter
. Bladder
. Urethra

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27
Q

What are the 4 things the urinary system does

A

. Eliminates nitrogen
. Maintains acid-base balance
. Regulates water and electrolyte balance
. Regulates blood pressure

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28
Q

What are the 8 necessary life functions

A 
. Maintaining boundaries 
. Movement 
. Responsiveness 
. Digestion
. Metabolism 
. Excretion 
. Reproduction 
. Growth
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29
Q

Definition of maintaining boundaries

A

. Separate inside from the outside

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30
Q

Definition of movement

A

Movement of substances and locomotion

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31
Q

Definition of responsiveness

A

. Ability to sense changes and react

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32
Q

Definition of digestion

A

Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

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33
Q

Definition of metabolism

A

. Chemical reactions within the body

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34
Q

What are the 4 things metabolism does

A

. Breaks down complex molecules
. Builds larger molecules
. Produces energy (ATP)
. Is regulated by hormones

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35
Q

What are the 3 way waste is removed by excretion

A

. Urine
. Feces
. Sweat

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36
Q

Where does reproduction occur

A

Cellular level or organismal level

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37
Q

Definition of cellular level

A

. New cells are used for growth and repair

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38
Q

Definition of organismal level

A

. Reproductive system handles the task

39
Q

Definition of growth

A

. Increases cell size or body size

40
Q

What are the 5 survival needs

A 
. Nutrients 
. Oxygen
. Water
. Normal body temp
. Atmospheric pressure
41
Q

What are nutrients

A

Chemicals used for energy and cell building

42
Q

What are the 5 types of nutrients

A 
. Carbohydrates
. Proteins 
. Lipids
. Vitamins
. Minerals
43
Q

Why is oxygen a survival need

A

Required for chemical reactions

44
Q

What are the 3 things about water that make it a survival need

A

. 60-80 percent of body weight
. Most abundant chemical in the human body
. Provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions

45
Q

What is the normal body temperature

A

. 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6F

46
Q

Why is atmospheric pressure a survival need

A

Must be appropriate for gas exchange

47
Q

What’s the definition of homeostasis

A

. When the body is stable

48
Q

What are the 2 things about homeostasis

A

. Dynamic state of equilibrium

. Necessary for normal body functioning

49
Q

What are the 2 main controlling systems in the body

A

. Nervous system

. Endocrine system

50
Q

What is a homeostatic imbalance

A

. A Disturbance in homeostasis

51
Q

What are the 3 components to all homeostatic control mechanisms

A

. Receptors
. Control center
. Effector

52
Q

What are the 2 things receptors do

A

. Responds to changes in the environment

. Sends information to control center along an afferent pathway

53
Q

What are the 3 things a control center does

A

. Determines set point
. Analyzes information
. Determines appropriate response

54
Q

What are the 2 things an effector does

A

. Provides a means for response to the stimulus

. Sends information from control center to effector along efferent pathway

55
Q

What are the 2 feedback mechanisms

A

. Positive feedback

. Negative feedback

56
Q

What are the 3 things about negative feedback

A

. Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
. Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
. Works like a household thermostat

57
Q

What are the 4 things about positive feed back

A

. Rare in the human body
. Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
. Reaction occurs at a faster rate
. In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

58
Q

What is the correct anatomical position

A

. Standing tall, feet side by side, arms handing at the side with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

59
Q

Definition of superior

A

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body

60
Q

Definition of inferior

A

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body

61
Q

Definition of anterior

A

Toward the front of the body or in front of

62
Q

Definition of posterior

A

Toward or at the backside of the body or behind

63
Q

Definition of medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body

64
Q

Definition of lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

65
Q

Definition of intermediate

A

Between a more medial and more lateral structure

66
Q

Definition of proximal

A

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body

67
Q

Definition of distal

A

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body

68
Q

Definition of superficial

A

Toward or at the body surface

69
Q

Definition of deep

A

Away from the body surface, more internal

70
Q

What are the 4 body planes and sections

A

. Sagittal
. Midsagittal
. Frontal
. Transverse

71
Q

What does a sagittal section divide the body into

A

Into left and right parts

72
Q

What does a midsagittal section divide the body into

A

Into equal left and right parts

73
Q

What does a frontal section divide the body into

A

Into anterior and posterior parts

74
Q

What does a transverse section divide the body into

A

Into superior and inferior parts

75
Q

What do body cavities provide

A

Degrees of protection to organs within them

76
Q

What are the 2 internal body cavities

A

. Dorsal body cavity with 2 subdivisions

. Ventral body cavity with 2 subdivisions separated by diaphragm

77
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity

A

. Cranial cavity

. Spinal cavity

78
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the ventral body cavity

A

. Thoracic cavity

. Abdomninopelvic cavity

79
Q

What are the 2 cavity’s in the abdominopelvic cavity

A

. Abdominal cavity

. Pelvic cavity

80
Q

What does the cranial cavity do

A

Houses the brain which is protected by the skull

81
Q

What does the spinal cavity do

A

Houses the spinal cord which is protected by the vertebrae

82
Q

What are the 3 things about the thoracic cavity

A

. Cavity superior to the diaphragm
. Houses heart, lungs and other organs
. Is protected by the rib cage

83
Q

What is the 3 things about the abdominopelvic cavity

A

. Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
. Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs
. Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder and rectum

84
Q

What are the 2 ways the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided

A

. Four quadrants

. Nine regions

85
Q

What are the 4 quadrants in anatomical position from left to right

A

. Right upper quadrant
. Left upper quadrant
. Right Lower quadrant
. Left lower quadrant

86
Q

What are the 9 regions in anatomical position from left to right

A 
. Right hypochondriac 
. Epigastric
. Left hypochondriac 
. Right lumbar
. Umbilical 
. Left lumbar
. Right iliac 
. Hypogastric 
. Left iliac
87
Q

What organ is in the right hypochondriac region

A

Liver

88
Q

What’s in the epigastric region

A

Stomach

89
Q

What’s in the left hypochondriac region

A

Diaphragm

90
Q

What’s in the right lumbar region

A

Large intestine

91
Q

What’s in the umbilical region

A

Small and large intestine

92
Q

What’s in the left lumbar region

A

Large intestine

93
Q

What’s in the right iliac region

A

Appendix

94
Q

What’s in the hypogastric region

A

Urinary bladder

Anatomy (7 decks)

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