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Anatomy > Chapter 7- Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What monitors changes, called stimuli, occurring inside and outside the body

A

Sensory Input

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2
Q

What processes and interprets sensory input and decides whether action the body

A

Integration

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3
Q

What is a response, or effect, that activates muscles or glands

A

Motor input

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4
Q

What are the 2 central nervous system organs

A

. Brain

. Spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Central Nervous system

A

. Integration
. Interprets incoming sensory information
. Issues outgoing instructions

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6
Q

What are nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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7
Q

What carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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8
Q

What Carry impulses to and from the brain

A

Cranial nerves

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9
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system

A

Serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal and glands or muscles

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10
Q

What are nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent) division

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11
Q

What are nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system organs to effector organs

A

Motor (efferent) division

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12
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the motor division

A

. Somatic

. Autonomic

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13
Q

What are the 2 principal cells that make up nervous tissue

A

. Supporting cells

. Neurons

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14
Q

Support cells in the Central Nervous System are grouped together as what

A

Neuroglia

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15
Q

What are the 3 functions of neuroglia

A

. Support
. Insulate
. Protect neurons

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglia in the Central Nervous System

A

. Astrocytes
. Microglia
. Ependymal cells
. Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

. Satellite cells

. Schwan cells

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18
Q

What are abundant star shaped cells

A

Astrocytes

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19
Q

What do Astrocytes do

A

Brace and anchor neurons to blood capillaries

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20
Q

What determine exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons

A

Astrocytes

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21
Q

What are spiderlike phagocytes

A

Microglia

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22
Q

What are the 2 things Microglia do

A

. Monitor health of nearby neurons

. Dispose of debris

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23
Q

What line cavities of the brain and spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

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24
Q

What do Ependymal cells do

A

Assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

What wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

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26
Q

What form myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

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27
Q

What protects and cushion neuron cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

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28
Q

What are the 3 major regions of neurons

A

. Cell body
. Processes
. Myelin

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29
Q

What is the nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

A

Cell body

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30
Q

What are fibers that extend from the cell body

A

Processes

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31
Q

What is a white fatty material covering neuron processes called axons

A

Myelin

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32
Q

Where do axons end

A

Axonal terminal

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33
Q

Axonal terminals can be separated from the next neuron by what 2 things?

A

. Synaptic cleft

. Synapse

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34
Q

What is a gap between adjacent Neurons

A

Synaptic cleft

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35
Q

What is a functional junction between nerves where a nerve impulse is transmitted

A

Synapse

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36
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system

A

Nuclei

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37
Q

What are collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglia

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38
Q

What are bundles of nerve fibers in the central nervous system

A

Tracts

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39
Q

What are bundles of nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves

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40
Q

What are collections of myelinated fibers

A

White matter

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41
Q

What are mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

A

Gray matter

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42
Q

What Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

43
Q

What are the 2 receptors in the CNS

A

. Cutaneous sense organs in skin

. Proprioceptors

44
Q

What carry impulses from the CNS to viscera or muscles and glands

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

45
Q

What are cell bodies located in the CNS

A

Interneurons

46
Q

How are neurons classified

A

Based on the number of processes extending from the cell body

47
Q

What have many extensions from the cell body

A

Multipolar neurons

48
Q

What have one axon and one dendrite

A

Bipolar neurons

49
Q

What are located in special sense organs such as nose and eye

A

Bipolar neurons

50
Q

What have a short single process leaving the cell body

A

Unipolar neurons

51
Q

What conduct impulses both toward and away from the cell body

A

Unipolar neurons

52
Q

What is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse

A

Irritability

53
Q

What is the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons muscles or glands

A

Conductivity

54
Q

What are rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

A

Reflexes

55
Q

Reflexes occur over neural pathways called what

A

Reflex arcs

56
Q

What are the 2 types of reflexes

A

. Somatic

. Autonomic

57
Q

What are reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles and are involuntary

A

Somatic reflexes

58
Q

What regulate the activity of smooth muscles, heart and glands

A

Autonomic reflexes

59
Q

What reacts to a stimulus

A

Sensory receptor

60
Q

What Carries messages to the integration center

A

Sensory neuron

61
Q

What processes information and directs motor output

A

Integration center

62
Q

What Carries messages to an effector

A

Motor neuron

63
Q

What is the muscle or gland to be stimulated

A

Effector organ

64
Q

What are the simplest type of reflex arc

A

Two-neuron reflex arc

65
Q

What type of arc consists of the five elements: receptor, sensory neuron, Interneuron, motor neuron, and effector

A

Three-neuron reflex arc

66
Q

What are the 4 brain regions

A

. Cerebral hemispheres
. Diencephalon
. Brain stem
. Cerebellum

67
Q

What includes more than half of the brains mass and the surface is made of ridges and grooves

A

Cerebral hemisphere pair

68
Q

What are the 4 surface lives of the cerebrum

A

. Frontal
. Parietal
. Occipital
. Temporal

69
Q

What is located in parietal love posterior to central sulcus and receives impulses from the body sensory receptors

A

Primary somatic sensory area

70
Q

Left side of the primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from where

A

The right side

71
Q

What are the 3 special senses the cerebral areas are involved in

A

. Visual
. Auditory
. Olfactory

72
Q

What allows us to consciously move skeletal muscles

A

Primary motor area

73
Q

What is involved in our ability to speak

A

Broca area

74
Q

What is an outer layer composed mostly of merit on cell bodies

A

Gray matter

75
Q

What are fiber tracts deep to gray matter

A

White matter

76
Q

What are islands of gray matter buried deep within the white matter of the cerebrum

A

Basal nuclei

77
Q

What regulates voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex

A

Basal nuclei

78
Q

What sits on top of the brain stem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

A

Diencephalon

79
Q

What are the 3 structures of the Diencephalon

A

. Thalamus
. Hypothalamus
. Epithalamus

80
Q

What is the relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

81
Q

What does the hypothalamus house

A

Limbic center

82
Q

What does the Epithalamus house

A

Pineal gland

83
Q

What forms cerebrospinal fluid

A

Choroid plexus

84
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem

A

. Midbrain
. Pons
. Medulla oblongata

85
Q

What are the two bulging fiber tracts in the brain stem called

A

Cerebral penduncles

86
Q

What converts ascending and descending impulses

A

Cerebral penduncles

87
Q

What are the 4 rounded protrusions in the brain stem

A

Corpora quadrigemina

88
Q

What are the visual and auditory reflex centers

A

Corpora quadrigemina

89
Q

What is the rounded structure protruding just below the midbrain mostly composed of fiber tracts

A

Pons

90
Q

What is the lowest part of the brain stem that merges into the spinal cord

A

Medulla oblongata

91
Q

What diffuse mass of gray matter along the entire brain stem

A

Reticular function

92
Q

What are the 2 layers in the double layered external covering of the meninges

A

. Periosteum

. Meningeal layer

93
Q

What is attached to inner surface of the skull

A

Periosteum

94
Q

What is the outer covering of the brain

A

Meningeal layer

95
Q

What is the middle layer of the brain and is weblike extensions that span the subarachnoid space to attach it to the pai matter

A

Arachnoid layer

96
Q

What is the internal layer that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia mater

97
Q

What is formed continually by the choroid plexuses that is similar to blood plasma

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

98
Q

What allows water, glucose, and amino acids to pass through capillary walls and includes the least permeable capillaries of the body

A

Blood brain barrier

99
Q

What is a slight brain injury that little to no permanent damage occurs

A

Concussion

100
Q

What is it called when nervous tissue destruction occurs and a coma might occur

A

Contusion

101
Q

What could happen when a intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral edema happens

A

Death may occur

102
Q

What results when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and brain tissue dies

A

Cerebrovascular accident, or stroke

103
Q

What is it called when numbness, temporary paralysis or impaired speech happen

A

Transient ischemic attack

Anatomy (7 decks)

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